Carbon Footprint of Film Production Comprehensive Guide To Filmmaking Emissions

Georgette Kilgore headshot, wearing 8 Billion Trees shirt with forest in the background.Written by Georgette Kilgore

Carbon Offsets Credits | February 3, 2025

Carbon footprint of film production showing a set of actors and equipment generating carbon emissions.

Have you ever wondered, what is the carbon footprint of film production?

Film production is one of the most fascinating, glamorous and lucrative industries in the global economy.

However, this industry has a negative side, film and television production is one of the leading sources of entertainment climate-changing emissions.

Whether it is pre-production, production or post-production, every step of making movies and TV shows is highly mobile, involving travel, shipping, electricity usage, and waste generation. These aspects account for significant emissions of greenhouse gases.

Indeed, the film and television industry is the largest source of conventional air pollutant emissions in the Los Angeles metropolitan area.1 Its effect is far beyond that of the aerospace and petroleum refining industries, and that is quite something.

As the climate changes and its impact on the environment becomes more and more apparent, it is important to know the environmental impact of the films and series we consume. The first way to address the climate crisis and make the film industry greener is to determine where carbon emissions come from.

This guide explains how films produce carbon at every phase of filmmaking (pre-production, production, and post-production). It will look at some of the efforts studios and filmmakers are undertaking to reduce their carbon footprint.

Lights, Camera, Emissions: The Scope of the Pollution Problem in the Film Industry

When you sit with a bucket of popcorn in your hand, enveloped by the comfort of the theatre chair or your favorite streaming service, the magnitude of all the people and resources behind the movie or TV show is not something that immediately comes to mind. However, the reality is that the entire movie and television industry is a key villain regarding emissions of greenhouse gases.

Unknown to many people, the industry is responsible for more emissions than the aerospace, fashion, hospitality, and electronics industries.

So, how big is Hollywood’s impact on the climate? The Sustainable Production Alliance (SPA) report released in 2021 is one of the most comprehensive studies on the carbon footprint of films and TV shows across different budgets and genres produced between 2016 and 2019.2

SPA, a consortium of leading film and TV studios which includes members like Netflix, Amazon, Disney, Sony and NBCUniversal, crunched the numbers on the carbon footprints of over 425 films and TV shows and here is what they found out:

  • A tentpole feature film with a budget north of $70 million generates an average of 3,370 metric tons (mt) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions. That is equal to the greenhouse gas emissions emitted by driving a passenger vehicle over 7 million miles!
  • For a more modest large budget production of $30 to 70 million, the typical carbon footprint of film production stands at 1,081 mt CO2e. A mid-budget film ranging between $15 and 30 million churns out 769 mt CO2e on average, while even a small film under $15 million produces a hefty 391 mt.
  • On the television side, an hour-long scripted drama is responsible for 77 mt CO2e of emissions per episode, with 58% coming from fuel. A single-camera half-hour comedy yields 26 mt per episode (57% fuel), with multi-camera sitcoms generating 18 mt (49% fuel).
  • Non-scripted reality series have the lowest per-episode footprint at 13 mt CO2e, but their quick production cycles mean they still have an outsized overall impact.
  • Across all film categories, the largest contributor was fuel, primarily used by vehicles and generators on set. Fuel consumption made up 48% of emissions for tentpole films, 54% for large films, 47% for medium and 56% for small.

Wait, there is more. A report released in 2020 by various organizations, including the British Film Institute, under the title ‘Screen New Deal’ showed that;3

  • The average large-scale film production in the U. K. and the U. S. produces around 2,840 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions.
  • This level of emissions is equivalent to 150 return flights from London to New York. Additionally, you would need up to 3,709 acres of forest cover to capture this amount of CO2 in a year.4
  • It gets worse. The carbon footprint resulting from accommodation alone during one production can power 34 homes for a year.

These emissions come from 3 main things: fuel consumption (gasoline), energy usage (electricity), and air travel across the different phases of film production. Approximately 51% of a film’s emissions stem from fuel used for transportation and generators on set.5

How To Make a Movie: Breaking Down the Carbon Footprint of Film Production

These eye-popping emission numbers come from the cumulative carbon costs of every stage of the lengthy and involved film production process.

Here is a breakdown on how to make a movie and the biggest culprits at each stage along the way.

1. Pre-Production: Carbon Footprint of Film Production Planning

Long before the director ever calls “action!”, the crucial decisions made in a project’s pre-production and planning phase will set the stage for its ultimate carbon impact.6 The main causes of emissions at this stage are;

  • Creative Choices: The nature of the plot, the setting, and the style in which the film will be produced have a big impact of the carbon footprint of the film. For example, for a story that is designed to take place in multiple countries with curated attires and sets in each location will have a bigger environmental impact than a simple drama that takes place in one house with a few actors.
  • Location Selection: The decision to film on location rather than on a studio soundstage results in the need for extensive travel for the cast and crew. The more a production has to travel from one location to another, the more emissions are released.
  • Production Design: The carbon footprint of traditional wood-and-steel set building is significant across material production, construction, and end-of-life disposal. Sets and environments are often built to be only used for several days or weeks before being dismantled and thrown into the trash.
    Statistics from a 2020 report by the British Film Institute and other organizations titled ‘Screen New Deal’ reveal that a typical big-budget film consumes plywood set materials that can fill 2. 5 cargo planes, a material that is a major cause of deforestation if not sourced responsibly.7 Much of this wood, along with massive quantities of plastic, metal, and other set decoration, goes to landfills.
  • Costuming: The production and international delivery of individual costumes, their dry cleaning and care, and the entire manufacturing process, in general, have a serious environmental impact even before a single scene is shot.
  • Staffing: Employment choices also have climate change consequences. The more the distances that the staff have to cover to reach the work site, the more the carbon footprint of film production.

2. Production: The Film Set

As any filmmaker can attest, there’s nothing quite like the barely controlled chaos of a film set in full swing. It also happens to be the single most carbon-intensive period of any movie’s lifecycle.

The most impactful emissions sources during the production phase include:

  • Electricity & Fuel: Keeping camera and lighting equipment up and running, operating generators to power trailers and facilities, and driving the hordes of vehicles needed to transport crew and equipment consumes an astronomical amount of energy, about half of which is generated by carbon-intensive fuels such as diesel and gasoline. This category accounts for more than 50% of the average production’s total emissions.2
  • Transportation: This includes the staggering task of transporting cast members, crew, equipment, and materials from location to location, sometimes by plane and truck, and is responsible for about 30% of the typical shoot’s emissions.2 International and domestic flights are a particularly heavy line item accounting for around one quarter of large film budgets’ emissions footprint.
  • Accommodations: For on-location shoots that stretch across weeks or months, putting up sizable crews in local hotels and short-term housing carries its own not-inconsiderable footprint—around 6% on a big-budget film.2
  • Food: Keeping often hundreds of cast and crew members fed and hydrated throughout long film shoots is an emissions-intensive undertaking ranging the impacts of food sourcing, preparation, single-use cutlery and dishes, and the disposal of excess.8
  • Waste: The sheer volume of materials used and discarded on a typical film set is staggering. From single-use plastic water bottles to scrap metal, lumber, textile and food waste, the average big-budget movie generates over 350 tons of waste.9
    All those trashed materials have a significant emissions impact as they break down in landfills. The environmental consultancy Earth Angel worked on The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and estimated the production saved nearly 193,000 single-use plastic water bottles after implementing sustainability practices.10,11
    Unsurprisingly, the film managed to divert 52% of landfill waste by recycling materials, banning plastics, and donating unused food consequently saving more than $400,000 in the process.5

3. Post Production: Finishing Touches and Beyond

The emissions associated with film production don’t stop after the director says cut on the final scene. There is a lot of energy-intensive work that still needs to be done before the film is ready.

And when it is finally ready, enjoying it also leads to more emissions.

  • Digital Workflows: In the case of blockbusters that rely heavily of special effects, there is a lot of energy-intensive post-production work including CG animation,12 3D modeling, digital color correction, and sound mixing that results in a sizeable footprint. For example, in Toy Story 4, one frame in particular took about 325 hours to render on 4 cores or over 1,200 hours per frame.13
    Multiply that across hundreds of thousands of frames in 4K or IMAX resolution and the numbers become mind boggling.
  • Promotion & Distribution: The environmental impact of film production extends beyond the actual making of the film itself. The mammoth global marketing machines behind big studio releases contribute their share of emissions through air travel for press junkets, physical manufacturing of promotional items, and the energy demands of premieres and screenings.As the primary method of accessing films today, digital distribution has a lower absolute impact than manufacturing DVDs or film prints, but the emissions from data centers and content delivery networks do matter. The data centers that host streamed movies and shows run continuously throughout the year burning through huge amounts of energy and producing over 2% of the world’s carbon emissions.5
    However, the International Energy Agency has stated that one hour of streamed content leads to the emission of only about 36g of CO2.14

The Carbon Costs of “Runaway” Productions

Hollywood is the capital of the global entertainment industry. Hundreds of movies and TV series are filmed in and around Hollywood annually.

However, other states and countries have started to offer generous tax credit and rebate policies and thus tempting productions to move out of LA and California in general.15 An increasing number of movies are now being shot in states like Georgia,16 New York, and Louisiana or in foreign locations such as Vancouver, London, and Eastern Europe because of the incentives they offer.

These attractive financial benefits also help studios cut costs and generate employment opportunities in the filming locations. That said, a major unintended consequence is the additional carbon emissions that arise from transporting the production outside the Los Angeles hub.16

Three silhouetted film crew members carrying equipment on a beach.

(Image: Stephane YAICH42)

A film that is shot on location away from Los Angeles needs a huge logistical support of people, equipment and supplies. This leads to a massive rise in emissions from the transportation sector as compared to keeping the production local.

Some key contributors to a film’s traveling carbon footprint include:

  • Fuel from flights: Cast, crew, executives and support staff must fly in from Los Angeles and other locations. The number of passenger flights can range from just a few for a low-budget film to hundreds for a major blockbuster.
    Stars and key personnel often fly first class or by private jet, which have an outsized emissions impact. Flights are considered the biggest source of carbon footprint of film production.
  • Shipping: Costumes, props, lighting/electric equipment, makeup and other critical supplies are transported from Los Angeles to the shooting location. On average, about 50% of these goods are then shipped back to LA after filming wraps.
    These shipments can be as heavy as 100 tons or more for a big-budget film.
  • Ground transportation: While not as significant as flights, the rise in vehicle miles traveled by production trucks and personnel vehicles also generates extra emissions.

So, how important is location selection for the carbon footprint of film production? One study showed that the decision of Disney to film The Proposal in New York, rather than do it in Massachusetts, increased the movie’s emissions from fuel and utilities by three times.

One other study published by Harvard tried to further examine the comparison of the carbon emissions of shooting the same $71. 7 million film in three different locations, Los Angeles, Boston and Vancouver.15 Even if one only looks at emissions from air travel and shipping, the analysis showed that selecting Boston instead of LA would result in five times the emissions, and Vancouver would still double the carbon footprint versus producing locally.

Specifically, the study found that, for a $300 million blockbuster movie:

  • Shooting in Boston would require nearly 350 roundtrip flights and generate almost 1000 metric tons of CO2e from air travel alone. Shipping would add another 1000+ metric tons.
  • Producing the same film in Vancouver cuts the flight emissions in half compared to Boston, but still requires about 200 total roundtrip flights emitting over 400 metric tons. Shipping contributes another 250 metric tons.
  • Keeping production in LA results in the lowest emissions with only 26 total roundtrip flights emitting under 300 metric tons combined with shipping.

A major culprit across all locations was the use of private jets and charter flights by studio executives and top talent. For the Boston scenario, just three roundtrip corporate jet flights emit more CO2 than all the production’s shipping put together.

When monetizing the social cost of these emissions at $220 per metric ton of CO2e (based on enhanced modeling by Stanford researchers), the added environmental impact amounts to over $150,000 for Boston and $75,000 for Vancouver compared to just $20,000 if shot in LA, for a $100 million production budget. While these costs represent a small fraction of the overall budget and potential tax incentives, they are not insignificant.

Greening the Silver Screen: Industry Efforts and Partnerships

With the awareness of the scale and the severity of the environmental impact of their industry, more film studios, producers, and creators have realized the necessity of industry-wide collaboration to mitigate the environmental footprint of filmmaking. Below are some of the notable efforts and collaborations:

The Sustainable Production Alliance (SPA)

The SPA was founded in 2010. It is comprised of some of the leading television, streaming, and film production studios, such as Amazon Studios, Disney, Netflix, NBCUniversal, Sony Pictures Entertainment, and WarnerMedia Discovery.

A film set with crew members working under vibrant lighting, capturing scenes with professional cameras and equipment.

(Image: KAL VISUALS37)

The alliance provides a platform that allows the industry to address the negative effects of its operations on the environment and offer solutions and advice for environmentally responsible production. A report they released in 2021 titled ‘Carbon Emissions of Film and Television Production’ has provided rich insights in writing this article.2

The Green Production Guide (Production Environmental Accounting Report (PEAR) )

The Green Production Guide was developed by the Producers Guild of America (PGA) Green initiative and the SPA in 2010.17 It offers a comprehensive toolkit (including PEAR) for sustainable film productions.

The toolkit includes calculators for carbon footprint calculation, databases of eco-friendly suppliers and best practices for reducing waste and emissions across all film production departments.

Albert Initiative by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts

BAFTA started the Albert initiative in 2011 to help the UK television industry become more sustainable.18 This initiative offers a carbon emissions calculator, information and guides for sustainable practices as well as an accreditation scheme for productions that meet certain sustainability standards.19

The initiative has also introduced a certification system that will recognize films and television shows that are making efforts to be sustainable. Productions that fulfill a Carbon Action Plan can receive one, two or three stars depending on their level of achievement with the highest achievers being entitled to use the Albert logo in their end credits.

The film 1917 is a great example that managed to receive certification from the Albert initiative.20

Green Screen Project by European Film Agencies

Green Screen is a project coordinated by Film London and Film Paris Région.21 This is a collaboration between eight European countries with the goal of addressing the carbon emissions of European film and TV productions.

A film crew working on a Western movie set, with crew members adjusting equipment and preparing to shoot a scene in front of a rustic "Feed and Grain" building.

(Image: Chris Murray41)

The project promotes sustainable practices like waste minimization, recycling and energy efficiency on set.

Industry-Wide Emission Reduction Targets

A number of the leading studios and streaming platforms have also made commitments to reduce their carbon emission. For example, Netflix has made the commitment to reduce its internal emissions by 49% by 2030 from its 2019 levels, NBCUniversal has also set a goal of achieving carbon neutrality for all its film productions by 2035 while Sony Pictures Entertainment has set a goal of achieving zero environmental impact by 2050.22

Regional alliances in production hubs like Vancouver’s Reel Green and the UK’s BFI/Albert partnership also provide resources related to clean energy to local crews.

Innovations and Solutions for Sustainable Filmmaking

As momentum grows to curb the environmental impact of entertainment, pioneering innovations are emerging to help decarbonize filming on set and behind the scenes:

Electrification of Production

An increasing array of renewable energy solutions promise to one day eliminate polluting diesel generators from sets altogether. A number of suppliers provide rental batteries as mobile power sources charged from clean grid electricity.

Other options include solar generators, biodiesel hybrid generators, and miniature gas-fired generators.

A clapperboard being held on a desert location, indicating the start of a scene in the filmmaking process.

(Image: Jakob Owens38)

Major studios have partnered with pioneering institutes in piloting mobile electric vehicle charging systems for on-set transportation and electrically powered truck systems. Ditching idling and generator power for electric can eliminate associated emissions.

What if a future film powers every vehicle, generator and light entirely from electricity supplied by renewable sources and battery storage? Achieving a truly zero-emission production is now a realistic vision.

Sustainable Content Creation

In animation and VFX-driven productions, innovative procedures are taking root to minimize emissions in content creation workflows.

Cloud-based technologies now allow remote and collaborative workflows for VFX in films and series. Artists can create complex visual effects sequences used in Marvel’s Avengers films while accessing computing power in the cloud.

This eliminates or reduces the need to commute or fly crews around the world.

Third parties are also now offering a solution for moving away from the physical shipment of media and content delivery to the transfer of large volumes of content over the internet. Eliminating cross-facility transports of hard drives and data tapes enables avoiding emissions from parcel delivery.

Virtual Production Stages

Virtual production technologies are one of the most exciting innovations in environmentally conscious filmmaking.23 Production companies can now create the atmosphere of an entire virtual world with the help of LED volumes, green screens and modern special effects.

This is a far better option than building physical sets, frequent travel/shipment and spending time on editing/post-production.

For example, the use of virtual production technology in The Mandalorian allowed for location shooting in sound stages rather than having to travel to distant locations.24 By using virtual LED video walls for backgrounds, the filmmakers were able to create various alien worlds while minimizing costs and environmental footprint.

As a result, the Mandalorian managed to reduce its on-set generator needs and the time engines were idling by more than 50%.

These results have been replicated in other productions as well. A recent Sony Pictures study showed that a one-hour scripted drama produced with the use virtual production had an emissions impact of 0. 61 metric tons of CO2e.25 This is a 407% improvement compared to a usual on-location production that typically generates 3.09 metric tons.

Virtual production not only reduces the amount of emissions but also brings in financial savings. For example, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 was able to cut an estimated $500,000 in costs by employing sustainable practices such as virtual production.26

Although this technology is still developing, several innovative companies now allow clients to construct film sets in the cloud. These virtual sets save the environment from the use of physical props and the cost of constructing, transporting and disposing them.

Industry experts are in agreement that virtual production tools promise a more sustainable future of set-free entertainment.27

Addressing Transportation Emissions

Transport continues to be a leading cause of emissions for film productions causing up to 51% of emissions on some productions.28 As a result, studios and film production companies are considering greener means of transport while also adopting measures to minimize travelling.

For example, in Vancouver, Canada, a collaborative program between various agencies by the name Reel Green has installed electric power stations near filming locations to reduce the dependence on diesel generators by production teams.4 The City of Vancouver also provides reductions in shooting fees for productions that do not use diesel generators thus encouraging the use of clean energy.30

Additionally, an increasing number of sets and sound stages are now installing charging stations for electric and hybrid vehicles used to transport the cast and crew. Productions are also focusing on employing local actors and technicians as much as possible which reduces travel requirements.

Energy Efficiency on Set

Energy consumption on set is another area where there is a lot of room for improvement. One of the ways in which film production companies are addressing this is by switching to LED lighting which are more energy-efficient.

Another solution is the use of energy-efficient equipment like battery-powered or hybrid generators which reduces emissions. For example, Warner Brother Studios currently has a 600-kilowatt solar roof that has the ability to generate 1.15 million kilowatts annually thus reducing their overall emissions and carbon footprint.26

A behind-the-scenes look at how to make a movie, showcasing a film crew setting up cameras, lighting, and other equipment in a large industrial space.

(Image: Jakob Owens39)

Additionally, some filmmakers are using environmentally friendly materials like cardboard and recycled products for sets and props. Private companies are also pioneering the production of lightweight and environmentally friendly boards from timber offcuts instead of plywood and MDF.

Effective waste disposal is another important practice in sustainable film production. Some productions have adopted recycling and composting programs while others are giving away excess materials and food to charities as well as using reusable or biodegradable products instead of the plastic ones.

In the case of The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Sony recycled or donated 49 tons of materials from the sets for further use instead of throwing them away to landfills. Almost 6000 meals were diverted from landfills to local shelters by caterers, a 52% diversion rate and close to half a million dollars in savings.5

Carbon Offsetting and Certification Programs

The ideal situation is to avoid emitting carbon in the first place, but for those instances where emissions are inevitable, carbon offsets can be purchased to balance out any remaining emissions that occur during the production of a film. Thanks to plant-a-tree, methane capture, or clean energy projects, productions can effectively offset their carbon footprint.

Studios and film production companies can now finance those projects that either mitigate or offset greenhouse gas emissions such as reforestation projects or renewable energy projects. Some studios such as Sony and Netflix have made offsetting compulsory for their productions.

However, not all carbon offsets are equal and some of them are actually scams. For this reason, the Gold Standard (GS) carbon offset was established in 2003 by environmental non-governmental organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to identify credible carbon offset programs.31

Moreover, there are schemes such as the Albert initiative by BAFTA and the Green Seal by the Environmental Media Association that provide certification for sustainable film productions and reward those who follow the sustainable filmmaking best practices.32,33

Sustainability Storytelling

Perhaps the most promising avenue may be in the use of well-told stories that motivate viewers across the world to change their behaviors and take action on climate change themselves.33 Recent films tackling environmental themes like Don’t Look Up and documentaries like Breaking Boundaries: The Science of Our Planet indicate this potential.

A film crew capturing a scene with an actor in tactical gear beside a silver car on a film set designed to resemble an urban environment.

(Image: Jakob Owens40)

Even with these developments, sustainability efforts are still rather random and voluntary across the industry making quantifying carbon footprint of film production quite a challenge.34

It is evident that the issue of emissions reduction is of secondary importance to the issue of accessing generous subsidies.21

Transparency is also not present as most studios do not offer any public data on the environmental impact of specific movies or TV shows. Moreover, green production standards are not fully implemented yet and many practices are still rather symbolic.

Planting trees or purchasing carbon offsets at a low price enables studios to achieve the status of an environmentally friendly company without changing the core of their high-emission activities.

How You Can Help: Here Is Your Role

You have an important role to play in the film industry’s transition to a lower-carbon future. Indeed, studios and filmmakers are always keen to find out what their viewers are interested in and invest their time and money in.

Here are some of the most meaningful ways you can push the industry in a more sustainable direction:

  • Vote with Your Dollars (and Eyeballs): Research the environmental policies and best practices implemented by the studios,35 production houses and the filmmakers behind the movies you are most excited about.
    Make sure they understand that you are a conscious consumer of entertainment and that green filmmaking is important to you by putting your money where sustainability is. Purpose to consume environmental news and promote media that practice sustainability.
  • Stream Sustainably: Video streaming is expected to continue being a source of emissions with data centers hosting most of the streamed content already being responsible for 2% of global carbon emissions.5 So, cut your personal viewing footprint by downloading content for offline viewing rather than re-streaming and by selecting SD instead of HD when the difference in picture quality is not important.36
    Another way is by disabling autoplay and removing devices from the charging points when not in use.
  • Offset Your Own Footprint: Everyone is responsible for a share of emissions incurred in consuming and talking about the movies and TV shows we love, from driving to the theater to purchasing collectibles or streaming binges. Learn how to calculate carbon footprint manually or using a calculator and also try to support an environmental organization or buy personal carbon offsets to compensate for the effect of your film fandom.
  • Alternatively, you can support your favorite creators and platforms to offset on your behalf.
  • Lend Your Voice: Organize or participate in letter writing campaigns and petition drives to studio heads, producers, government officials, and your favorite celebrity advocates for sustainable filmmaking. You can also educate your close friends and family on important aspects of this discussion such as; what is a carbon footprint?
    How can you offset your carbon footprint from watching movies and TV? Creating awareness and initiating discussions has a huge impact on changing an industry based on narratives and perception.

Roll the Credits: A Greener Future for Filmmaking

As much as any other art form or industry, film and television have a profound power to change attitudes, galvanize movements, and model a brighter future. In a world facing down the dire urgency of the climate crisis, the screens we look to for entertainment, escapism, and meaning have an unparalleled opportunity to also project a vision of sustainability and environmental stewardship.

By understanding the true scale of the carbon footprint of film production today, and empowering the innovators working to dramatically shrink that footprint, you can help write a more hopeful next act for the movies we love on this planet we share.

Frequently Asked Questions About Carbon Footprint of Film Production

What Is a Carbon Footprint in Regards To Filmmaking?

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gas (GHG)29 emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that are emitted into the atmosphere from all the activities involved in making a film, from pre-production planning through marketing and distribution. It’s usually measured in metric tons (mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) and the bigger the footprint, the greater that film’s contribution to global climate change.

What Is the Most Carbon-Intensive Part of Making a Movie?

Fuel consumption is by far the biggest culprit, accounting for roughly half the emissions of an average film production.2 Most of that comes from diesel generators used for electrical power on sets and locations, as well as gasoline for transportation. Other major contributors are air travel and utilities like lighting and HVAC.

What Is a Carbon Neutral Movie? Is It Feasible?

Yes, a carbon neutral production is one where the total emissions of greenhouse gases are calculated, and measures are taken to reduce those emissions as much as possible, and any remaining emissions are offset through the purchase of carbon credits or removal projects. It is possible for the carbon footprint of film production to be zero or even negative through the use of internal best practices and carbon offsets.

Learn More About Carbon Footprint of Film Production

References

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2Sustainable Production Alliance. (2021, March). Carbon Emissions of Film and Television Production. Green Production Guide. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://greenproductionguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SPA-Carbon-Emissions-Report.pdf>

3Albert. (2020, July 22). Screen New Deal. Albert. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://wearealbert.org/2020/07/22/screen-new-deal/>

4Ro, C. (2022, August 17). How to make movies without a huge carbon footprint. BBC. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62051070>

5Whittington, R. (2022, March 2). How Film Production Is Becoming More Sustainable And Profitable. Forbes. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2022/02/28/how-film-production-is-becoming-more-sustainable-and-profitable/?sh=591084ef5bad>

6Hayward, K. (2024). “Green Filmmaking” Making Film Production More Environmentally Sustainable. Department of Film & Electronic Arts. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://www.csulb.edu/department-of-film-electronic-arts/article/green-filmmaking-making-film-production-more>

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8US Environmental Protection Agency. (2024, January 22). From Farm to Kitchen: The Environmental Impacts of U.S. Food Waste. EPA. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://www.epa.gov/land-research/farm-kitchen-environmental-impacts-us-food-waste>

9Producers Guild Of America. (2024). Unified Best Practices Guide. Green Production Guide. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://greenproductionguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/PGA-Green-Unified-Best-Practices-Guide-REV.pdf>

10Earth Angel Sustainable Production Services, LLC. (2024). services overview. Earth Angel. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://www.earthangelsets.com/overview>

11Sax, S. (2024, March 7). Film and TV’s Carbon Footprint Is Too Big to Ignore. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://time.com/collection/time-co2-futures/6767943/sustainable-film-and-tv-production/>

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13May, T. (2021, January 26). 8 mind-boggling facts about the making of Toy Story 4. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://www.creativebloq.com/news/mind-boggling.toy-story-4-facts>

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16Simpson, A. J. (2023). Oscars vs. Ozone: The Motion Picture Industry’s Impact on Climate Change and What They Are Doing About ItClimate Change and What They Are Doing About It. University of South Carolina. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1656&context=senior_theses>

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20Albert. (2020, January 10). How big budget film 1917 achieved certification. We Are Albert. Retrieved June 12, 2024, from <https://wearealbert.org/2020/01/10/how-big-budget-film-1917-achieved-certification/>

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