The Beech tree has been credited with inspiring cathedral builders to dream up high,13 intricate arches. Beech trees were once native to southern England and the southern region of Wales, but are now planted throughout the United Kingdom.
In Celtic mythology, Fagus ruled over the beech trees, and it was believed that these trees could cure a myriad of ailments.
The timber from beech trees are sought after, and were valued as far back as the Bronze Age. Many also prefer to use beech tree wood as firewood.1
This guide explains everything you need to know about Beech Tree identification, as well as how to care for Beech trees and prevent deadly diseases from shortening their life.
Beech Tree
(Fagus sylvatica)
- Family: Fagaceae
- Genus: Fagus
- Leaf: Beech tree leaves are deep green and shiny and oval in shape. These leaves grow up to 6 inches long and have toothed edges.
- Bark: Beech tree bark is typically smooth and gray. As a beech tree ages, its bark becomes slightly fissured.
- Seed: Beech tree seeds are known as beech masts, and come in prickly casings. Seeds appear between September and November every year.
- Blossoms: Female beech tree blossoms are yellow/green and the male blossoms grow as catkins after the leaves open.
- Fruit: Beech tree fruit are known as beechnuts or beech masts and come in the form of burrs that fall from the tree during the fall season.
- Native Habitat: Beech trees are native to the US, Europe and Asia.
- Height: Beech trees can grow up to 40 meters when mature.
- Lifespan: A beech tree typically lives between 150 - 200 years, with some beech trees living up to 300 years.
- Canopy: The canopy of a beech tree forms a round or oval crown which is very dense.
- Type: Deciduous
- Other Names: White Beech Tree, Beechnut Tree, American Beech Tree, Ridge Beech Tree, Red Beech Tree.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Ranking
Data Deficient
The Beech tree is the most dominant tree species in natural forest environments in central Europe, and Beech tree bark and Beech tree leaves are the most distinctly identifiable parts of this tree type.
Types of Beech Trees
The following information explores 13 types of beech trees. The different beech tree description and identification factors are as follows:
1. American Beech Tree
(Fagus grandifolia)
The American beech tree grows up to 120 feet, and was first recognized by the early colonists who were already familiar with the European beech tree. Beechnuts are popular among wildlife, including bears, raccoons, and squirrels.
The American beech tree grows in USDA zones 4-9.2,14
American Beech Tree Leaves: Ribbed, pointed leaves in an oval shape, with toothed edges.
(Image: agbelliveau21)
American Beech Tree Flowers: Yellow, green, and white flowers.
American Beech Tree Fruit: Nuts, known as beechnuts, which come in a triangular shape and grow in pairs inside husks covered in spines.
American Beech Tree Bark: Smooth, gray bark.
(Image: Janvanbizar22)
European Beech Tree Leaves: Leaves are dark green, simple, and grow up to 4 inches in length. When the leaves are young, they are lime green and covered in thin hairs. Most common beech tree leaves have widely toothed edges and pointed tips.
European Beech Tree Flowers: Male flowers grow in catkin shape, and female flowers grow in pairs while sheltered by a cup.
European Beech Tree Fruit: Nuts, known as beechnuts, which come in a triangular shape and grow in pairs inside husks covered in spines.
European Beech Tree Bark: Smooth, silver-gray bark that remains smooth even as the tree ages.3
2. European Beech Tree / Common Beech
(Fagus sylvatica)
The European beech tree or common beech tree is believed to have been introduced to England in 4000 BC by Stone Age populations who regarded beechnuts as an important food source.15 The European beech tree has been cultivated since the early nineteenth century and is a very popular landscape tree in modern times. It is also believed that the very first European literature was inscribed on the bark of a beech tree.
The common beech tree is found all over the UK, and is one of the most iconic trees in this country. These beech trees grow to a height of more than 40 meters and mature trees have a large crown in a dome shape. Common beech trees are found over most parts of Europe, but are only considered to be truly native to south-east Wales and south-east England.
European beech tree wood is used for furniture, and firewood.
Common beech trees thrive in USDA zones 4-9.
3. Copper Beech Tree / Purple Beech Tree
(Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea)
The copper beech tree is also known as the purple beech tree. This tree is commonly cultivated, although some may be found in the wild. The copper beech tree is a variation of the European beech tree and grows up to 60 feet tall. These trees take on a pyramidal, dense shape at the crown.
Copper beech trees grow in USDA zones 4-7.
Copper Beech Tree Leaves: Oval, purple leaves with slight, silky hairs.
Copper Beech Tree Flowers: Yellow-green flowers that are wind-pollinated.
(Image: Hans23)
Copper Beech Tree Fruit: Nuts, known as beechnuts, which come in a triangular shape and grow in pairs inside husks covered in spines.
Copper Beech Tree Bark: Light gray and smooth, although sometimes the surface takes on a wrinkled look. The bark is thin and easily damaged by the sun.16
(Image: F. D. Richards24)
Weeping Beech Tree Leaves: Broad, flat leaves without lobes. These leaves are alternately arranged and have smooth margins, growing up to 4 inches in length.
Weeping Beech Tree Flowers: Small yellow-green flowers that bloom during spring or early summer.
Weeping Beech Tree Fruit: Triangular spiny beechnuts.
Weeping Beech Tree Bark: Dark gray or dark silver smooth bark.
4. Weeping Beech Tree
(Fagus sylvatica ‘pendula’)
The first weeping beech tree was brought to the US from Europe by Samuel Parsons in 1847. Parsons’ son, Samuel Parsons Jr. introduced the weeping beech tree to the Bryn Mawr Campus, where it was made the class tree in 1938.17 The first weeping beech tree in the US died in 1998 of old age.
Weeping beech trees form a drooping canopy when leaves are in full growth,and they can root into the ground, creating smaller trees that still form part of the original tree.
The weeping beech tree can grow well in USDA zones 4-7.
5. Tricolor Beech Tree
(Fagus sylvatica ‘purpurea tricolor’)
The tricolor beech tree is also a European beech tree type and has a rose-colored hue when looking at it from a distance. This beech tree is toxic to both humans and pets and is not urban-approved. The beech trees in Massachusetts at the Longwood Mall were planted before the advent of the Civil War, which makes them the oldest tricolor beech trees in the US.
Tricolor beech trees grow best in USDA zones 4-7.4
(Image: Department of Horticulture26)
Fern-Leaved Beech Tree Leaves: Leaves are narrow, alternate, and long with pointed lobes and toothed edges.
Fern-Leaved Beech Tree Flowers: Male flowers are yellow, and female flowers are green.
Fern-Leaved Beech Tree Fruit: Triangular spiny beechnuts.
Fern-Leaved Beech Tree Bark: Smooth, gray bark.
6. Fern-Leaved Beech Tree
(Fagus sylvatica var. Heterophylla ‘Aspleniifolia’)
The fern-leaved beech tree grows in a round shape and is popular for park and garden landscapes.18 This type of beech tree grows up to 80 feet tall and is often used as a specimen tree. It is not subject to serious diseases or pests and is deer resistant. Fern-leaved beech trees are native to Southern and Central Europe.
Fern-leaved beech trees grow best in USDA zones 4-9.6
7. Japanese Beech Tree
(Fagus crenata)
The Japanese beech tree is also known as the Buna beech tree or Siebold’s beech tree. This tree can grow beyond 200 feet tall, and is sought after in bonsai gardening. Japanese beech trees have very dense canopies which could make it difficult to grow additional plants below its branches. Japanese beech trees are native to Japan.
These trees thrive in USDA zones 4-8.7
(Image: Alpsdake27)
Japanese Beech Tree Leaves: Oval, deep green leaves that turn yellow in the fall. Alternate, with toothed edges.
Japanese Beech Tree Flowers: Small, wind-pollinated flowers.
Japanese Beech Tree Fruit: Triangular spiny beechnuts.
Japanese Beech Tree Bark: Silver, gray smooth bark.
(Image: Daderot28)
Engler’s Beech Tree Flowers: Small flowers, either green or yellow.
Engler’s Beech Tree Fruit: Small, spiny nuts.
Engler’s Beech Tree Bark: Dark gray, smooth bark.
8. Engler’s Beech Tree
(Fagus engleriana)
The Engler’s beech tree, also known as the Chinese beech tree,19 is not a commonly found tree. This type of beech tree originated in China and can grow up to a height of 20 feet. It grows in mixed forests throughout eastern and central China.
The Engler’s beech tree grows well in USDA zones 5b -7a.
Engler’s Beech Tree Leaves: Leaves are oval or elliptical in shape and grow up to 9 cm in length. Leaves have a bluish hue, especially on the bottom side.
9. Oriental Beech Tree
(Fagus orientalis)
The oriental beech tree is native to Eurasia, and grows up to 148 feet in height. The natural range of these types of beech trees extends from the Strandja mountain in Bulgaria through to the Iran Alborz mountain range. The wood from oriental beech trees is very durable and highly suitable for steam bending.
Oriental beech trees grow well in USDA Zones 4-7.
Oriental Beech Tree Leaves: Leaves have an egg shape and no lobes. They are alternate and grow up to 9 cm long.
(Image: Karduelis29)
Oriental Beech Tree Flowers: Small flowers that grow in catkin form.
Oriental Beech Tree Fruit: Small spiny nuts.
Oriental Beech Tree Bark: Thin, gray bark.
(Image: Vassil30)
Dwarf Beech Tree Leaves: Short, wavy, non-toothed leaves.
Dwarf Beech Tree Flowers: Small green or yellow flowers.
Dwarf Beech Tree Fruit: Triangular beechnuts.
Dwarf Beech Tree Bark: Smooth, dark gray bark.
10. Dwarf Beech Tree
(Fagus sylvatica tortuosa)
The dwarf beech tree is also known as the parasol or twisted beech tree, because of its distinctive contorted branches. The dwarf beech almost never exceeds its width in height, and this cultivar group of the European beech consists of fewer than 1500 specimens in Europe.
The dwarf beech tree can grow well in USDA zones 4-9.
11. Taiwan Beech Tree
(Fagus hayatae)
The Taiwan beech tree is the only beech tree found in Taiwan, and is believed to be endemic to this country. This tree is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is found in only a few forests in the northern regions of Taiwan. Taiwan beech trees can grow up to 20 meters tall,20 and are trees left over from the last Ice Age, which is why they are mostly found at elevations of up to 1,800 meters.
Taiwan beech trees can grow in USDA Zone 6.8
(Image: 邵宥銘31)
Taiwan Beech Tree Leaves: Lanceolate leaves with hairs over the midvein and toothed edges.
Taiwan Beech Tree Flowers: Small flowers that bloom during April and May.
Taiwan Beech Tree Fruit: Cupule of up to 10mm, with equal-sized beechnuts and small wings.
Taiwan Beech Tree Bark: Light gray bark.
(Image: Diego M32)
Mexican Beech Tree Flowers: Flowers appear as catkins shortly after the leaves appear during the spring season.
Mexican Beech Tree Fruit: Triangular spiny beechnuts. (Two nuts develop in each cupule).
Mexican Beech Tree Bark: Light to medium gray smooth bark.
12. Mexican Beech Tree
(Fagus Grandifolia Subsp. Mexicana)
The Mexican beech tree is also a relic tree, and is endemic to the eastern regions of Mexico (the Tropical Montane Cloud Forests in particular). Studies show that the Mexican beech tree’s growth appears to be stunted by ongoing climate change.
The Mexican beech tree should grow well in USDA zones 7b – 8.
Mexican Beech Tree Leaves: Alternate, simple leaves, with slightly toothed edges. These leaves grow up to 8 cm in length.
13. Shining Beech Tree
(Fagus lucida)
The shining beech tree grows up to 85 feet tall and is a rare beech native to the southern and eastern regions of China. The tree was first discovered by Augustine Henry in 1887 but remains a largely unstudied beech tree.
The shining beech tree grows best in USDA zones 7a – 7b.
Shining Beech Tree Leaves: Elliptic leaves that grow up to 9 cm in length, with sinuate margins and secondary veins.
Shining Beech Tree Flowers: Small flowers in a yellowish-green shade.
What Does a Beech Tree Look Like?
So, what does a beech tree look like? The below example identifies an American beech tree, which is the only native beech tree in the US.
Beech Tree Identification
As seen in the illustration above, beech tree identification relies mostly only on distinguishing beech tree bark, beech tree leaves, and beech tree fruit.
Beech Tree Bark
Common beech tree bark, by definition, is easily identifiable due to its smooth appearance, and light gray color.
(Image: 988307434)
Over time, as beech trees age, their bark becomes somewhat rough and slightly fissured.
Beech Tree Flower
The beech tree flower is a small, sprightly flower that appears during mid to late spring when new leaves can be seen on the tree. Beech tree flowers are monoecious, with male flowers in the form of catkins, and female flowers without stalks.
Beech Tree Leaves
Beech tree leaves are also easily identified by their parallel veins, toothed edges, and dense growth capabilities.
(Image: Marisa0435)
Beech Bark Disease
Unfortunately, beech bark disease is a massive threat to the American beech tree. Beech bark disease has killed millions of American beech trees throughout New England.
Columnar Beech Tree Varieties
Columnar beech tree varieties include the stunning Red Obelisk European Beech tree which grows in full sun in USDA zones 4-7.
This tree has dark purple leaves and the tree takes on a columnar shape as it grows.
The columnar purple beech tree is another variety of columnar beech that grows up to 25 feet tall (often up to 50 feet), but never more than 15 feet wide. The leaves of this tree are a vivid purple-red during the spring, turning a shade of burgundy during summer. The columnar purple beech tree grows well in USDA zones 4-9.10
Beech Tree Bark
As seen from the above information, beech tree bark doesn’t differ much between the various types of beech trees. Mostly gray, smooth bark that becomes slightly fissured with age.
Beech tree bark is susceptible to highly dangerous beech bark disease.
American Beech Bark
American beech bark in particular is susceptible to beech bark disease which is caused by a combination of bark damage and tissue damage caused by beech-scale insects.
How Much Carbon Does the American Beech Tree Sequester?
An important question about beech trees is, how much carbon does the American beech tree sequester?
American Beech trees generally sequester around 2.5kg of CO2 every hour, while releasing 1.7 kg of oxygen every hour.
Beech Tree Bark
Beech tree bark usually suffers damage by the hands of humans who like carving various messages into the thin surface. Sadly, the tree is unable to heal itself, and these ‘scars’ remain for as long as the tree is alive.
Common Beech Tree Bark
Common beech tree bark is smooth and light gray, but thin, and easily damaged. Mature common beech trees have slightly fissured bark or shallow cracks that cover the bark.
How Much Carbon Does The Common Beech Tree Sequester?
So, how much carbon does the common beech tree sequester?
Common beech trees sequester around the same as any other average tree, but beech tree forests are considered to be carbon sinks.
However, there are several factors that play a role in CO2 absorption including:
- The species itself.
- The location of the tree.
- Amount of direct sunlight and water.
- The health of the soil.
A typical large tree can absorb around 22 pounds of CO2 over a 20-year lifespan. Also, on average a typical large tree can produce almost 260 pounds of oxygen every year.
Beech Tree Bark
Beech tree bark plays an important role in protecting beech trees against parasites, insects, and herbivores. Because beech tree bark is smooth, it becomes difficult for insects to worm their way inside the tree. However, the process becomes a lot easier when the tree bark is damaged.
European Beech Bark
European beech bark is also susceptible to beech bark disease. Beech scale was in fact introduced to Nova Scotia from Europe during the 1890s.
How Much Carbon Does the European Beech Tree Sequester?
How much carbon does the European beech tree sequester?
European beech tree forests are carbon sinks, but these forests are under great stress from climate change. This has resulted in declining beech tree growth in almost all regions.
The above figure indicates the effect of climate change on the biological processes of beech trees and other trees:11
Beech Tree Native Range and Habitat
The beech tree native range and habitat in the US stretches all the way from Cape Breton Island to the eastern regions of Wisconsin.
From Wisconsin beech tree range grows south through Illinois all the way to South Carolina.
American beech trees grow on high elevations and can be found in well-established forests when direct sunlight helps them flourish.
Related Reading: 8 Billion Trees Reforestation & Carbon Offset Projects
Planting and maintenance for American beech trees include the following steps:
- Planting the tree in claylike soil that receives a lot of sun, but stays moist enough.
- Planting the tree in USDA zones 4-8 and ensuring that the tree is planted far away from overhead power lines.
- Newly planted trees must be watered weekly, should rainfall be low.
- Fertilizer should be applied after the first year, but never after the fourth year.
- Light pruning should be done during the tree’s dormant season to ensure protection against disease.12
While maintaining American beech trees, it is essential to check the bark for disease and pests regularly, because beech tree bark is thin and susceptible to beech bark disease.
Frequently Asked Questions About Beech Tree
What Is the Purpose of Beech Tree Bark?
Beech tree bark protects the beech tree from disease, but is very thin and therefore susceptible to beech bark disease.
What Is the Beech Tree Identification Bark?
Beech tree bark is typically smooth and either light or dark gray, with slight fissures appearing as the tree ages.
What Is American Beech Tree Bark?
American beech tree bark is often compared to the color of an elephant’s legs, because of its shade of blue-gray.
What Does a Beechwood Tree Look Like?
Beechwood trees stand out because of their gray bark and exceptionally dense canopies. Some beech tree leaves change color, make for a spectacular sight during the fall.
What Is Beech Tree ID?
Beech tree’s are usually identified by their leaves, bark, and fruit.
How To Identify Beech Tree Leaf?
Young beech tree leaves are lime green and they retain their leaves throughout winter. Older beech tree leaves are a deeper shade of green, and may contain hairs. New leaves appear at the advent of spring and these leaves are usually slightly toothed.
What Are the Purple Beech Tree Leaves?
Purple beech trees, or copper beech trees, have deep purple leaves. It is not known why the variation occurs.
What Are the Common Pests and Diseases of Beech Trees?
Common pests and diseases of beech trees include beech bark disease, bleeding canker, and root rot.
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