
Valerian is a beloved medicinal herb that features in old wive’s tales, royal history, and even medical journals dating back millenia! Ironically, despite its long, documented history of medicinal applications, there is very little contemporary research demonstrating its efficacy.
Still, proponents of herbal medicine praise Valerian root, often hailing it as an elixir of sorts with widespread applications.
This guide explores the potential uses of Valerian root and takes readers through the process of confidently identifying and propagating Valeriana officinalis.
What Is the Valerian Plant (Valeriana officinalis)?
Valerian, Valeriana officinalis,13 is a perennial herb in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).23 It is one of more than 400 species in the genus, Valeriana,24 many of which share the common name “Valerian.”
V. officinalis is the most well-known Valerian plant, and it has a rich tradition of medicinal use, particularly in Europe and Asia, where it originated. This non-native herbaceous plant is commonly referred to as all-heal and garden Valerian.
Valerian, All-heal, Garden Heliotrope
(Valeriana officinalis)

- Characteristics: Eurasian perennial herb that is tall-growing and grass-like in appearance. Fragrant plant with medicinal uses which thrives in cool, moist environments and can become invasive.
- Family: Caprifoliaceae
- Genus: Valeriana
- Type: Non-native perennial herb
- Leaf: Compound leaves arranged oppositely. Each leaf has between 4 and 9 leaflet pairs and a terminal leaflet. Leaflets are linear and fragrant with dentate margins.
- Seed: Small (up to 5 mm), light brown, seed. Oblong, winged with white “hairs” which aid in wind dispersal.
- Blossoms: Small, 5-petaled, tubular flowers grown in showy clusters. Usually white or pink, fragrant. Summer bloom season.
- Height: Up to 6 feet.
- Width: Up to 4 feet.
- Native Habitat: Cool, temperate areas of Europe and Asia with considerable rainfall.
- Native Growing Zone: USDA zones 4 through 7.
The following are a few interesting Valerian facts:10
- Valerian and its parent genus were named after the Roman emperor, Publius Licinius Valerianus, who was alleged to have used the herb medicinally.12
- Dating back to Hippocrates, Valerian root has been used as an herbal remedy for insomnia. It has also been recommended for cough, migraine, and abdominal cramps.
In the 20th century World Wars, Valerian root extract was used to treat symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), or “shell shock”, in soldiers.1 - Valerian acts as a central nervous system depressant and is valued for its sedative effects.19
- Valerian symbolism is often associated with strength, health, and wholeness.
- The strong scent of the Valerian flowers is highly attractive to flies, particularly hoverflies.17
- Valerian root is also attractive to cats and can serve as an alternative to catnip.17
- The Valerian plant is considered invasive in some non-native territories, including U.S. states such as Connecticut, Wisconsin, and Illinois.13
- Long-term use of Valerian products can lead to dependency or addiction.18
How To Identify Valerian
Knowing how to identify Valerian is useful for many practical reasons, such as containment in areas where it is considered invasive, proper placement and care in landscape gardening and edible landscaping, smart companion planting, pest control, and harvesting techniques.

(Valerian Seed Image: S. Rae39)
The following sections examine some specific species traits that set Valerian apart from other perennial herbs, but there are some general plant traits that are also distinguishable, such as:1,6
Size
Valerian is an erect, tall-growing plant, often reaching heights of 5 feet.
Scent
Valerian scent has been variably described as sweet and pleasant by some and pungent and unpleasant by many others. The odor depends upon the part of the plant.
The roots, in particular, are noted for having a strong, acrid smell, while the foliage emits an odor akin to cat urine or dirty feet. In contrast, the aroma of the flowers is described as very sweet, with vanilla tones.
Stems
Valerian plants have thick, hollow, hairy stems. The rounded, green, fleshy stems have red, symmetrical, vertical ridges.
Stolons
These horizontal stems branch off from the main stem, allowing the plant to expand and increase its area. Valerian plants often have aerial stolons which are visible above the surface of the soil.
Spread
Because above ground stolons and underground rhizomes increase the Valerian’s ability to spread, this plant is often seen in dense clusters in the wild.
Identifying Valerian Flowers
Valerian flowers are interesting and notable for a few reasons. This summer blooming herb displays showy clusters of small, tubular types of white flowers or pale pink flowers.
The flowers are borne on densely clustered cymes or umbels. Each individual flower is about ⅕ inch in diameter.
Flowers are star-shaped, with five symmetrical petals fused at the base to create a funnel.

(Image: elena saggin34)
The flowers of Valerian are highly fragrant, attracting many types of bees and types of butterflies.
Note, however, that the sweet, vanilla-scented flowers are also extremely attractive to many less desirable insects, such as hoverflies of the Eristalis genus.26
The plant makes excellent cut flowers for display.13,17
Identifying Valerian Leaves
The leaves of the Valerian plant are quite distinct, from their compound presentation to their unpleasant odor.
Valerian leaves form a clump at the base of the stem and are increasingly sparse ascending up the stem toward the flower head. Nearly all the leaves are on the bottom half of the plant.
The green leaves have a smooth superficial surface, and the underside is typically paler and hairy. The Valerian plant has compound leaves that are pinnately divided: A single leaf is deeply lobed to the point of separating into many smaller leaflets.
There are between 5 and 25 leaflets per leaf, and the leaflets occur opposite one another along the leaf with a terminal leaflet. Leaflets are linear, or lance-shaped, and have serrated margins.
The leaf, when crushed, emits a foul odor.1,13
Identifying Valerian Seeds
Valerian seeds somewhat resemble those of the dandelion. When the flowers of the Valerian die back, they are replaced by small, winged seed capsules containing the powder-like seeds of the Valerian plant.13
The seed capsules are slightly oblong, about .1 inch in length, brown and ridged. Each capsule has a tuft of long, white, feather-like hairs that aid in wind dispersal.1
Best Growing Conditions for Valerian
Valerian is generally a tolerant plant and can grow in many conditions. It is not overly picky about soil, it is hardy to sub-freezing temperatures, and it does not easily succumb to disease.
In fact, Valerian could be considered one of the most low-maintenance plants a gardener could grow, except it requires thinning and deadheading to prevent rapid spread and overcrowding.
So what are the best growing conditions for Valerian? Well, Valerian prefers loamy soil that is consistently moist but not water-logged.
For this reason, it thrives in areas that receive consistent rainfall. It also prefers full-sun conditions, though it will tolerate partial shade.13,22
Valerian Growing Zone
Understanding the ideal Valerian growing zone is key to growing a successful crop. Valerian is native to the cool, temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere where humidity and heat are somewhat consistent and on the low end.
But what does this mean about growing zones for Valerian (where to grow Valerian)? The ideal growing zones for Valerian are USDA zones 4 through 7 where the range of minimum temperatures is -30 degrees in zone 4 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit in zone 7.13
In the United States, these zones cover much of the North-Central region (see USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map).28
Companion Plants for Growing Valerian
When choosing companion plants for growing Valerian, it is important to remember a few things: 1) Valerian prefers full sun and consistently moist soil, 2) Valerian grows quite tall, 3) Valerian attracts many pollinators, 4) Valerian attracts cats and rats, and 5) Valerian spreads quickly.

(Image: beauty_of_nature35)
Thus, when choosing herbs or heirloom plants to grow alongside Valerian, choose those that tolerate moist soil and sunny conditions. Valerian can be planted as a backdrop for shorter plants, and it can assist with pollination of fruiting plants, continually bringing in ample bees, butterflies, and hoverflies.
If you have a pet cat, consider planting Valerian away from any delicate herbs or vegetables that the cat should avoid. Finally, because of Valerian’s spreading growth habit and large, thirsty roots, plants that are sensitive to competition are unlikely to do well in close proximity.22
Growing a Valerian From a Seed, Cutting, or Seedling
The most common ways of propagating Valerian are by growing a Valerian from a seed, cutting or seedling. All three methods are useful in the home garden.
As expected, plants grown from seed take the longest to reach maturity while plants grown from cuttings are usually the fastest.14
Growing From Seed
Valerian seed can be difficult to germinate, and it’s important that seed is fresh to increase germination rate. Seeds older than one year are highly unlikely to succeed.
Because Valerian seeds are frost hardy, they can usually be started outdoors in early to mid spring, buried ⅛ inch deep in loose soil.
In cold climates, some people may elect to start the seed indoors. This can be done in small containers or peat pots.
Keep the seeds moist, and they will (hopefully) germinate in one to two weeks.4
Growing From Seedling
Whether transplanting a Valerian plant from a nursery seedling or a seedling started indoors, the timeline and process looks about the same. Transplant should occur in early to mid spring, after the threat of frost has passed.
The seedling should be approximately six inches high when transplanted.
Water the seedling before transplanting and be careful not to disturb the root system if removing it from a container. Place the roots of the plant in a hole that is the depth of the roots and twice as wide and back fill with soil and compost.
Mulch the seedling and water daily for the next few days.8
Growing From Cutting
Many people are surprised to find out how many plants can be grown from cuttings. When growing Valerian from cuttings, it is important to take softwood cuttings from new spring growth.7

(Image: noraderpilz40)
In the case of Valerian, the softwood cuttings should be taken from the base of the plant. Use a sharp knife to take a three to four inch cutting near the base, removing also a bit of the woody tissue from the basal area.
After taking the cutting, dip the cut end into a rooting hormone and insert the cutting into a rooting medium and water it. Cover with a plastic bag and place in an area at warm room temperature.
As roots develop over two to four weeks, continue to water regularly while beginning to gradually introduce more air to the plant. After about two weeks of increased ventilation, the plant should be more durable and ready for re-potting or transplanting.2
Remember that existing Valerian plants can also be divided up as they grow denser. Division can be done in the autumn or the spring.22
Planting Tips for Valerian
This section explores various planting tips for Valerian, from how far apart to plant Valerian to when to plant Valerian for the best yield. Valerian is a plant that spreads readily to fill available space, so the more space allowed around a plant, the more the plant will spread.
However, inadequate spacing can lead to crowded conditions quickly which require thinning. Allowing three feet between Valerian plants is a good rule of thumb for those starting out.13
As to when to plant Valerian, that depends upon the area and propagation method. Seeds can be direct-sowed in the ground in fall or late spring.
Give seeds a jump start in the spring by starting them indoors a few weeks earlier. Planting a seedling in late spring will likely give the best yield as seedlings are quick to adjust and add new growth rapidly.5

(Image: Petra36)
Container gardening is not a bad idea for individuals planning to introduce Valerian to their backyard garden. Because the roots of the plant are the most useful part (from an herbal remedy standpoint), it is important to choose a large container that will allow the roots plenty of room to grow.
One of the perks of growing Valerian in a container such as a large pot is that the vessel will prohibit the spread of the plant via stolons and rhizomes, which is particularly important in areas where invasiveness is a concern.
Remember that Valerian also spreads readily by seed, and the wind dispersal method can carry the seed beyond the yard to establish somewhere else. Thus, it is important to cut back Valerian after the flowers die back, before it has a chance to go to seed.
Many people elect to cut the flowers as they bloom to use for decor. This circumvents the seed problem and allows the plant to divert resources to its roots (for those interested in harvesting the root).5
When growing Valerian in a container, it is also important to remember that it grows quite tall and containers are likely to be heavy, so consider placement carefully. While it may be tempting to place this leggy plant at the outskirts of the yard, don’t forget the watering needs for Valerian plants.
They will need frequent watering, especially when grown in a container. Ensure that the soaker hose can reach the location of the plant.
How To Stop Valerian Disease
Garden Valerian is not known for having many issues with pests and diseases, but any plant in the wrong conditions can succumb to disease. As is the case with most plants, keeping the plant healthy and vigorous is the most important key to Valerian disease prevention.
In the case of Valerian this is as easy as ensuring the plant gets plenty of sun and plenty of water and is not too crowded. The most labor intensive part of caring for Valerian is thinning out the plant when it becomes too dense, as plants which are spread by rhizomes and stolons are prone to do.
Knowing how to stop Valerian disease starts with recognizing the various diseases that have been known to impact it, such as:9
- Leaf Spots (Septoria and Ramularia)29,30
- Root Rot (Rhizoctonia)31
- Wilt (Verticillium)32
- Mold (Sclerotinia)33
- Mildew and Rust
In moderate to severe cases, it may be too late to save the plant, but mild cases can usually be treated with fungicides and/or strategic pruning.
The strong, sweet fragrance of Valerian blossoms is known to attract many types of beneficial insects, but it is not completely immune to the more bothersome pests known to damage many garden plants.
In fact, the most common pests of the Valerian plant are the same that plague many perennial herbs: aphids and spider mites, though these rarely pose a serious problem with this plant species.
Japanese beetles may also forage on the foliage of the plant from time to time. Because there are so few pests of the plant, natural pest control for Valerian should be really simple.
Larger pests may be removed by manually picking them off the plant, and smaller pests can usually be sprayed with a stream of water.
Another surprising potential pest for Valerian plants is cats (and also rats!) which are so drawn to the smell of the plant that they may easily cause damage to young plants. Some sources suggest protecting young plants from these larger, mammalian pests.9
Is Valerian a Natural Sleep Aid?
Many people view Valerian as a natural sleep aid alternative to prescription drugs, and for all intents and purposes, it may meet this definition. The adjective “natural” is used by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the labeling of human food that does not contain synthetic or artificial ingredients,11 from preservatives to dyes/food colorings.
As a dietary supplement, Valerian is subject to general food labeling guidelines. However, this definition is not formalized, does not apply to production or processing methods, and is not strictly enforced or regulated.11

(Image: xbqs4237)
Thus, Valerian may be marketed as a natural sleep aid, and it may be “natural” in terms of its composition (lacking dyes and preservatives, and organic in origin), but the parent plants could have been grown using pesticides. Furthermore, although Valerian root has long been used and touted as an effective sleep aid, there is little scientific data to support these claims.
Although subjective reports support the use of Valerian for sleep disorders, scientific research has been inconclusive. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH),16 it is difficult to draw confident conclusions from current research because of study limitations (Ex. small sample sizes, lack of scientific control and uniform variables, reliance on self-report, influence of extraneous variables, etc.).21
Other Uses for Valerian Herb
Aside from its value as a sedative or sleep aid, Valerian herb has several other practical uses. Some condiments and baked goods are flavored with an oil that is extracted from Valerian root and leaves.
The leaves may also be boiled for tea. Valerian scent is sometimes used in perfumes and other fragrances.
Medicinally, Valerian has been promoted for use in psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD, neurological disorders such as migraines and seizures, as well as relief of symptoms of menopause and premenstruation. It has even been advocated for heart health.20, 13, 20
It is important to note, however, that Valerian herb may be obtained as a dietary supplement, but it is not approved for medicinal use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).25 The limited research on the medical efficacy of this supplement is predominantly inconclusive, and there have been no studies of the long-term effects of Valerian consumption.16
Is Valerian Root Safe?
The currently available research supports claims that Valerian root is safe for short-term (< 30 days) consumption by adults, but the absence of longitudinal studies precludes conclusions about the safety of long-term consumption.
This supplement has not been proven safe for pregnant or nursing women, and individuals with average health status may experience a range of minor to moderate symptoms, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, excitability, and prolonged drowsiness.18
Common Valerian vs Red Valerian
Valeriana officinalis, or Common Valerian, is sometimes confused with a related species, Centranthus ruber,27 which goes by the common name “Red Valerian.” Some taxonomists consider the red Valerian part of the Valeriana genus, under the name Valeriana rubra.15
Red Valerian is native the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe, but it has been naturalized in parts of the United States. While common Valerian is naturalized in the Eastern U.S., red Valerian is more prominent in the Western U.S. where it has become invasive in some states.
There are several other notable differences between these two plants, and the most useful are discussed here:15
- Color: The blossoms of red Valerian are usually deep pink to red.
- Habitat: Unlike common Valerian, red Valerian does not thrive in wet soils. Red Valerian prefers drier, well-draining soils and is more likely to be found along roadsides and other disturbed areas.
- Leaves: Red Valerian leaves are simple, rather than compound, with entire margins.
- Size: Red Valerian plants typically reach a maximum height of three to four feet.
- Stems: Though stout and hollow like common Valerian, red Valerian stems are smooth rather than ridged.
Valeriana officinalis, commonly known as Valerian, garden heliotrope, and all-heal, is a unique and fascinating herb. Extract of Valerian root is marketed as a dietary supplement which many consumers use as an over-the counter sleep aid.
Although the mechanism of action is not quite understood, Valerian does have a sedative effect which may induce sleepiness in some individuals. Valerian has other uses as well, from medicinal to culinary to personal care.
Gardeners considering adding Valerian to their landscape should consult this comprehensive guide.
Frequently Asked Questions About Valerian
Where Does Valerian Grow Best?
Anyone seeking to grow their own Valerian crop may want to answer the question “Where does Valerian grow best?” Valerian prefers cooler, temperate climates and grows best in full sun conditions and wet soil, especially in moist areas such as the banks of streams and marshlands and low-lying areas that collect water.6
How Much Sunlight Does Valerian Need Each Day?
Another important question to address before planting Valeriana officinalis is “How much sunlight does Valerian need each day?” Valerian, a sun-loving plant, flourishes with at least six hours of direct sunlight daily, although it doesn’t fare well in extreme heat.13
What Is Valerian Growth Rate?
Valerian is known for its rapid growth rate, quickly establishing itself as a perennial herb often before the onset of the growing season. Seeds generally germinate within weeks, and the plants swiftly add new growth, usually reaching maturity in about two years.13
What Are the Best Herbs To Help You Sleep?
Aside from Valerian, which is often considered the best herbal remedy for insomnia, there are a few other recommended herbs to help you sleep. Although research on herbal sleep aids has been thin across the board, herbs such as lavender, chamomile, and passionflower have demonstrated some ability to improve sleep quality by producing a calming, soothing, anxiolytic effect.3
References
1Prince Edward Island Invasive Species Council. (2021). Common Valerian. PEI Invasive Species Council. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://peiinvasives.com/common-valerian/>
2The Royal Horticultural Society. (2024). Cuttings: softwood. RHS. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://www.rhs.org.uk/propagation/softwood-cuttings>
3Dasgupta, R. (2020, March 30). Herbs for sleep: Examples, safety, other natural options, and more. Medical News Today. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/herbs-for-sleep>
4Elliott, S. (2013, April 8). How to Grow Valerian. The Herb Gardener. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://theherbgardener.blogspot.com/2013/04/how-to-grow-valerian.html>
5Heikenfeld, R. (2019, February 13). Growing Valerian: Taking Root in the Garden – Countryside. Countryside Magazine. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://www.iamcountryside.com/growing/growing-valerian-in-garden/>
6Caren White. (2015). Herbs, Valerian. Advice From The Herb Lady. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://advicefromtheherblady.com/plant-profiles/perennials/valerian/>
7Gardeners World. (2021, June 29). How to Grow Valerian | BBC Gardeners World Magazine. Gardeners World. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-grow-valerian/>
8Glority LLC Limited. (2024). How to Transplant Valerian? (Ideal time, Methods, and Post Care). PictureThis. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://www.picturethisai.com/care/transplant/Valeriana_officinalis.html>
9Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. (2015). Specialty Cropportunitites. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/CropOp/en/herbs/medicinal/vale.html>
10Stannard, K. (2020, September 2). Invasive of the Week: Garden Valerian. Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Retrieved February 20, 2024, from <https://mbgna.umich.edu/invasive-of-the-week-garden-valerian/>
11U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, May 22). Use of the Term Natural on Food Labeling. FDA. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from <https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/use-term-natural-food-labeling>
12Wikipedia. (2023, November 7). Valeriana. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 18, 2024, from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriana>
13N.C. Cooperative Extension. (2024). Valeriana officinalis (All-heal, Garden Heliotrope, Garden Valerian, Valerian) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved February 16, 2024, from <https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/valeriana-officinalis/>
14The Royal Horticultural Society. (2024). Valeriana officinalis|common valerian. RHS. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/18738/valeriana-officinalis/details>
15N.C. Cooperative Extension. (2024). Valeriana rubra (Jupiter’s Beard, Keys of Heaven, Red-Spur, Red Valerian, Spur Valerian) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/valeriana-rubra/>
16National Institute of Health. (2013, March 15). Valerian – Health Professional Fact Sheet. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from <https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Valerian-HealthProfessional/>
17Wikipedia. (2024, March 29). Valerian (herb). Wikipedia. Retrieved February 18, 2024, from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(herb)>
18National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2020, October). Valerian | NCCIH. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Retrieved February 20, 2024, from <https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/valerian>
19WebMD. (2024). VALERIAN: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews. WebMD. Retrieved February 20, 2024, from <https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-870/valerian>
20Drugs.com. (2023, September 29). Valerian Uses, Side Effects & Warnings. Drugs.com. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from <https://www.drugs.com/mtm/valerian.html>
21Bauer, B. (2018, Feb 15). Valerian: A safe and effective herbal sleep aid? Mayo Clinic. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/valerian/faq-20057875>
22Waddington, E. (2023, August 29th). Common Valerian Plant Care & Growing | Horticulture.co.uk. Horticulture Magazine. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from <https://horticulture.co.uk/valerian/>
23Purdue University. (2024). Family: Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family). Purdue University. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://www.arboretum.purdue.edu/explorer/plant_family/caprifoliaceae-honeysuckle-family/>
24A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. (2011, February). Valeriana. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://lsa-miflora-p.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/genus/Valeriana>
25U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2024). FDA Homepage. FDA. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://www.fda.gov/>
26Wojcik, V. (2024). Drone Flies. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/drone_flies.shtml>
27The Jepson Herbarium. (2024). Centranthus ruber. The Jepson Herbarium. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=18595>
28U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2024). 2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. USDA. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/>
29West Virginia University. (2022, October 26). Are your tomato leaves drying up prematurely? Septoria Leaf Spot. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://extension.wvu.edu/lawn-gardening-pests/plant-disease/fruit-vegetable-diseases/septoria-leaf-spot>
30University of California. (2020, February). Ramularia Leaf Spot. University of California IPM. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/artichoke/ramularia-leaf-spot/>
31Moorman, G. W. (2023, November 15). Rhizoctonia. PennState Extension. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://extension.psu.edu/rhizoctonia>
32University of California. (2021). Verticillium wilt—Verticillium dahliae. Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/PLANTS/DISEASES/vertwilt.html>
33University of California. (2017, March). Sclerotinia Stem and Crown Rot (White Mold). University of California. Retrieved April 4, 2024, from <https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/alfalfa/sclerotinia-stem-and-crown-rot-white-mold/>
34Valerian Flowers Plant Pink Flowers Photo by elena saggin. (2021, August 21) / Pixabay Content License. Resized. Pixabay. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/valerian-flowers-plant-pink-flowers-6557582/>
35Valerian Flowers Garden Photo by beauty_of_nature (jhenning). (2022, October 2) / Pixabay Content License. Resized. Pixabay. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/valerian-flowers-garden-7491158/>
36Valerian Flowers Plants Photo by Petra (Pezibear). (2021, August 24) / Pixabay Content License. Resized. Pixabay. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/valerian-flowers-plants-6566004/>
37Valerian Root Photo by xbqs42. (2019, September 30) / Pixabay Content License. Resized. Pixabay. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/valeriana-officinalis-root-4511906/>
38Species Information Image: A Close Up of a Flower in a Field Photo by Jillian Amatt – Artistic Voyages. (2023, July 10) / Unsplash License. Cropped and added text, shape, and background elements. Unsplash. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-flower-in-a-field-zTo8OJk_v_0>
39Valerian Seed Photo by S. Rae. (2014 , August 4) / CC BY 2.0 DEED | Attribution 2.0 Generic. Cropped and added image, text, shape, and background elements. Flickr. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://flickr.com/photos/35142635@N05/14846679973>
40Pink Valerian Flowers Plant Photo by noraderpilz. (2021, May 15) / Pixabay Content License. Resized. Pixabay. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/valerian-flowers-plant-6375105/>