Growing Brussels Sprouts in 7 Steps: How To Grow Brussel Sprouts (Seed vs Clone)

Georgette Kilgore headshot, wearing 8 Billion Trees shirt with forest in the background.Written by Georgette Kilgore

Gardening | February 15, 2024

Man in a garden holding up a brussels sprout and wondering if there is a guide for how to grow brussels sprouts and tips for growing brussels sprouts, growing stages and understanding how do brussel sprouts grow.

You may not know it, but learning how to grow Brussels sprouts (also very often called “brussel sprouts”) is easy and straightforward.

Brussels sprouts are a cool weather crop usually grown from seeds or cloned from a mature plant.

Growing from seed is a simple process as long as the seedling has a long growing season and a consistent source of moisture. On the other hand, cloning a mature Brussels sprout plant allows for quicker growth and a more reliable yield, but it requires a bit more effort and resources.

Whichever method you choose, it is important to understand the best-growing conditions for Brussels sprouts, including soil preparation, sun exposure, and proper nutrition, to produce healthy and high-yielding plants.

Graphic showing the growth stages of Brussels sprouts from seed to harvest.

With proper care, you can enjoy fresh and flavorful Brussels sprouts in your garden. Below is a guide to help you understand seed vs. clone brussels sprouts planting.

How Do Brussels Sprouts Grow? (Seed vs. Clone)

  1. Choose a sunny location with well-draining soil.
  2. Sow seeds or plant seedlings in the spring, spacing them 18-24 inches apart.1
  3. Keep soil moist but not waterlogged.
  4. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks.
  5. Pinch off the growing tips when plants reach about 1 foot tall to encourage branching and promote side shoot development.
  6. Harvest the sprouts by twisting them off the stem when they’re about 1 inch in diameter.
  7. Continue to harvest as needed, but leave some on the plant to mature for next year’s crop.

Growing Brussels Sprouts From a Cutting: How To Grow Brussel Sprouts From Cuttings

  1. Select a healthy, mature Brussels Sprout plant to take cuttings from.
  2. Cut a 4-6 inch section of stem that includes a leaf node (where leaves grow from the stem).
  3. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end of the stem into the rooting hormone.12
  4. Place the cutting into a pot filled with moist potting mix, making sure the hormone-coated end is buried in the soil.
  5. Cover the pot with a plastic bag to create a mini greenhouse.
  6. Place the pot in a bright, but not direct, light source.
  7. Keep the soil consistently moist and wait for roots to develop, which usually takes about 2-4 weeks.
  8. Once the cutting has developed roots, remove the plastic bag and water the plant normally.
  9. Transplant the rooted cutting into the garden or a larger pot when it has grown a bit larger.

Growing Brussel Sprouts From a Seedling: How To Grow Brussels Sprouts From Seed

Here are the 8 steps on how to grow Brussels sprouts from seed.

  1. Choose a sunny location with well-draining soil.
  2. Sow the seeds in the spring, about 1/2 inch deep and spaced about 18-24 inches apart.
  3. Water the seeds regularly to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
  4. When the seedlings are about 4 inches tall, thin them to their final spacing of 18-24 inches apart.
  5. Fertilize the plants with a balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks.
  6. Pinch off the growing tips when the plants reach about 1 foot tall to encourage branching and promote side shoot development.
  7. Harvest the sprouts by twisting them off the stem when they’re about 1 inch in diameter.
  8. Continue to harvest as needed, but leave some on the plant to mature for next year’s crop.

Brussels Sprouts Growing Stages

Here are the different stages of the Brussels sprouts growing stages:

Germination

The seeds will sprout in 5-10 days when grown in moist soil at temperatures between 45-85°F (7-30°C).2

Seedling Stage

The young plants will grow several leaves and begin to form a small stem.

Vegetative Stage

The plants will continue to grow leaves and stems, becoming bushier as they mature.

Flowering Stage

Small yellow flowers will begin to appear on the tips of the stems, signaling the start of the flowering stage.

Budding Stage

Small, green sprouts will begin to form on the stems and continue to grow until they reach maturity.

Maturity

The sprouts will reach maturity after about 3-4 months when they are about 1 inch in diameter.

Harvesting

The sprouts can be harvested by twisting them off the stem when ready. It is important to continue to harvest as needed but to leave some on the plant to mature for next year’s crop.

How Long Do Brussels Sprouts Take To Grow?

Brussels Sprouts are a slow-growing crop that typically takes about 3-4 months to mature. The time from planting to harvest can vary depending on several factors.

These include growing conditions, the variety of Brussel Sprouts, and the time of year.

For example, Brussels Sprouts planted in the spring will be ready to harvest in the fall. If you start the seeds indoors 4-6 weeks before the last frost date and then transplant them outside, it may take an additional month or two for them to mature.

It is important to be patient and to know how to grow Brussel sprouts to provide the plants with the right growing conditions to ensure a bountiful harvest.

How Far Apart To Plant Brussels Sprouts

Brussel Sprouts should be planted 18-24 inches apart in the garden or individual pots. This allows enough room for the plants to grow and develop without being crowded.

Crowding can result in smaller sprouts and reduced yields.

Brussels Sprouts plants situated in a field showing how far apart to plant Brussel Sprouts.

(Image: Florin Birjoveanu14)

When transplanting seedlings, it may be necessary to thin them as they grow to maintain this spacing. Thinning can be done by removing the weaker seedlings and leaving the strongest plants to continue growing.

When To Plant Brussels Sprouts for the Best Yield

For the best yield, it is best to plant Brussel Sprouts in the spring, 4-6 weeks before the last frost date.6 This will give the seeds time to germinate and grow into strong seedlings that can be transplanted into the garden or larger pots once the weather has warmed up.

In areas with a cool climate, it may be possible to plant in the late summer or early fall for a fall or winter harvest. Select a variety well-suited to your growing conditions and provide the plants with adequate light, water, and nutrients throughout the growing season.3

Closeup of Brussel Sprouts leaves wit dew drops.

(Image: Carola6815)

Additionally, planting in the spring will allow the plants to grow during the warmer months when they can receive plenty of sunlight and heat.

Growing Zones for Brussels Sprouts (Where To Grow)

Brussel Sprouts can be grown in a range of USDA hardiness zones, typically 4-8. This means they are best suited to cool, temperate growing climates.

Such conditions can be found in the Pacific Northwest, the northern United States, and parts of Canada. Brussels Sprouts can still be grown in warmer climates, but it may be necessary to provide shade or extra irrigation to keep the plants cool and hydrated.

Companion Plants for Growing Brussel Sprouts: Brussels Sprout Plant Companion

  • Peas: Peas are nitrogen-fixing plants that can help improve soil fertility, which is beneficial for the growth of Brussels Sprouts.
  • Aromatic Herbs: Herbs such as thyme, rosemary, and sage can help deter pests and improve the garden’s overall health.
  • Lettuce: Lettuce can be interplanted with Brussels Sprouts to make the most of the available growing space.
  • Carrots: Carrots are another companion plant that can be interplanted with Brussels Sprouts to maximize garden space.
  • Radishes: Radishes can be grown with Brussels Sprouts, as they are a fast-growing crop that will be ready to harvest before the Brussels Sprouts require more space.
  • Spinach: Spinach is another companion plant that can be grown alongside Brussels Sprouts, as it grows well in cool, moist soil.

Not all companion planting combinations will work for all gardens, as the ideal companions will depend on the specific conditions in your area. These include the soil type, climate, and the presence of pests and diseases.

Try to choose companion plants that complement the needs of your Brussels Sprouts, and monitor your plants closely to ensure they are growing well together.

Brussels Sprouts

(Brassica oleracea)

Brussel Sprouts in an oval frame on green background.
  • Order: Brassicales
  • Family: Brassicaceae
  • Growing Zones: 2 to 11
  • Plant Type: Annual, Cool Season Vegetable, Edible, Vegetable

Best Growing Conditions for Brussels Sprouts

Below are the best growing conditions for Brussel sprouts:

Cool Climate

Brussels Sprouts grow best in a cool climate with temperatures between 40-60°F (4-16°C). They will not grow well in hot weather.

Adequate Moisture

Brussels Sprouts require consistent moisture throughout the growing season. Keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged to prevent root rot.

Good Soil Drainage

The soil should be well-draining to prevent water from pooling around the roots. Use raised beds or amend heavy clay soils with organic matter to improve drainage.

Ample Sunlight

Brussels Sprouts need at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day to grow well. If you live in a hot climate, consider providing shade to prevent the plants from overheating.

Fertile Soil

The soil should be fertile and rich in organic matter.10

Adding compost, manure, or other organic matter to the soil before planting can help improve fertility and soil structure.

Proper Spacing

Provide enough space between the plants to allow for good air circulation, which will help prevent disease.

The space should be big enough for the plants but not the spacing you need when learning how to grow celery or other plants that spread out.

Support

Brussel Sprouts may need support to keep the stems from bending over or breaking, especially in windy conditions.

A sturdy stake or tomato cage can be used to provide support.

Watering Needs for Brussels Sprout Plants

If you know how to grow green onions, you might know something about how to grow Brussel sprouts. Like green onions, Brussel Sprouts need consistent moisture to grow well.

Here are some guidelines for watering Brussel Sprouts:

  • Water the plants regularly to keep the soil evenly moist. Do not let the soil dry out completely, as this can cause the plants to wilt and become stunted.
  • Too much water can lead to root rot and other soil-borne diseases.11 Ensure the soil drains well and allow it to dry out slightly between waterings.
  • Water the base of the plant directly, rather than overhead, to prevent leaf diseases caused by excessive moisture on the leaves.
  • Water the plants in the morning, if possible, so the leaves have time to dry before evening. This can help prevent fungal diseases that thrive in humid conditions.
  • In hot, dry weather, the plants may need to be watered more frequently to keep the soil moist. In cool, wet weather, they may not need to be watered as often.

It’s important to monitor the soil moisture levels regularly and adjust the watering schedule to ensure that the plants receive the moisture they need to grow well. If the leaves are yellowing or the stems are wilting, it may be a sign that the plants are not getting enough water.

Planting Tips for Brussels Sprouts

  • Plant Brussels Sprouts in a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily and has well-drained soil.
  • Start the seeds indoors 4-6 weeks before the last expected frost in your area. Transplant the seedlings outdoors once they have 2-3 leaves and the soil has warmed up to around 50°F (10°C).
  • Space the plants 18-24 inches apart in the garden or individual pots. This will allow enough room for the plants to grow and mature properly.
  • Plant the seedlings so that the soil covers the first two leaves. This will help the stems establish roots and become sturdy.
  • Brussels Sprouts may need support to keep the stems from bending over or breaking, especially in windy conditions. A sturdy stake or tomato cage can be used to provide support.
  • Feed the plants regularly with a balanced, all-purpose fertilizer to promote healthy growth. Avoid using high-nitrogen fertilizers, as they can encourage leafy growth at the expense of the buds.
  • Water the plants regularly to keep the soil evenly moist. Avoid letting the soil dry out completely or become waterlogged.

How Much Sunlight Do Brussels Sprouts Need Each Day?

Brussels Sprouts need a moderate amount of sunlight to grow well. They prefer a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight each day, although they can tolerate some light shade.

Too much direct sun, especially in hot weather, can cause the leaves to wilt and the plants to become stunted. If your area is particularly hot and sunny, it may be beneficial to provide some shade during the hottest part of the day.

How To Feed Brussels Sprouts

  • Use a balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season.8
  • Ensure soil moisture and avoid over-fertilization, as too much nitrogen can reduce the size of the sprouts.
  • Keep soil consistently moist.

How To Harvest Brussels Sprouts and How To Grow Brussel Sprouts and Harvest the Yield

  • Cut the sprouts from the stalk when they are firm, dense, and 1-2 inches in size.
  • Start harvesting from the bottom of the stalk and work upwards.
  • Wait until after the first frost for sweeter, nuttier sprouts.

How To Store Brussels Sprouts

  • In a plastic bag in the refrigerator for up to 2-3 weeks.
  • Remove any yellowing or damaged leaves, and keep the sprouts dry to prevent spoilage.
  • They can also be frozen for up to 6 months.

Common Pests of the Brussels Sprouts

Brussels Sprouts can be susceptible to various pests that can damage the plants and reduce the yield. Here are some of the common pests of Brussel Sprouts:

1. Aphids

Aphids are small, sap-sucking insects that can cause stunted growth and yellow leaves.

They also produce honeydew, which can attract other pests and provide a breeding ground for sooty mold.

Closeup of Brussel Sprouts leaves showing aphid infestation.

(Image: Scot C. Nelson16)

Side profile of a Cabbage Looper showing its head with few hair-like strands.

(Image: Brooke Alexander, Sue Boo, Heagan Ahmed, and Sierra Williams17)

2. Cabbage Loopers

They are caterpillars that feed on the leaves of Brussels Sprouts and other cabbage crops.

They Cabbage Loopers can defoliate the plants quickly and leave large holes in the leaves.7

3. Cutworms

Cutworms are larvae that feed on the stems of Brussels Sprouts and other seedlings, causing the plants to wilt and die.

One of the species among cutworms that infests Brussel Sprouts.

(Image: Angela Yuriko Smith18)

Top shot of a Flea Beetle on concrete surface showing its back body and brown antennae.

(Image: Francisco Welter-Schultes19)

4. Flea Beetles

They are small, black, or brown beetles that feed on the leaves of Brussels Sprouts, leaving small holes or chewing marks.

5. Slugs and Snails

Slugs and snails feed on the leaves and stems of Brussels Sprouts, causing the plants to wilt and become stunted.4

Closeup of slugs and snails among green leaves.

(Image: freestocks.org20)

To manage these pests, you can use a combination of physical, biological, and chemical control methods, such as handpicking, companion planting, row covers, and insecticidal soap.

Be sure to follow the label instructions carefully when using chemical pesticides and avoid using them when other methods are available.

How To Stop Brussel Sprouts Disease (Or Fungus, Rot, Whatever Is Applicable)

Brussel Sprouts can be prone to various diseases that can reduce the yield and quality of the sprouts. Here are some tips to help prevent and manage diseases in Brussel Sprouts:

Choose Disease-Resistant Varieties

Select Brussel Sprout varieties that are known to be resistant to the most common diseases in your area.

Practice Good Sanitation

Remove and destroy any diseased plants, leaves, or debris from the garden to reduce the spread of disease. Keep the garden clean and free of weeds, which can harbor diseases and pests.

Provide Proper Drainage

Ensure the soil in your garden drains well to prevent water from standing around the roots of the plants. This can help prevent root rot and other moisture-related diseases.

Avoid Overwatering

Water the plants only when necessary and avoid getting water on the leaves, as this can promote disease growth. Use a soaker hose or drip irrigation to reduce the amount of water that splashes on the leaves.13

Space the Plants Properly

Space the plants far enough apart to allow good air circulation, which can help reduce the spread of disease.

Use Crop Rotation

Practice crop rotation by planting Brussel Sprouts in a different location each year. This can help reduce the buildup of disease-causing pathogens in the soil.5

Fertilize Properly

Fertilize the plants with a balanced, all-purpose fertilizer to promote healthy growth. Avoid overfertilizing, as this can lead to weak, spindly growth that is more susceptible to disease.

Natural Pest Control for Brussel Sprouts

Below are the popular natural pest control for Brussel sprouts:

Companion Planting

Companion planting involves planting Brussel Sprouts with other plants that can help deter pests or attract beneficial insects. For example, planting herbs like basil, thyme, or sage near your Brussel Sprouts can help repel aphids and other pests.

Physical Control

Physical control methods include hand-picking pests and removing infected leaves and stem. You can also use row covers to physically exclude pests from the plants.

Biological Control

Biological control involves using beneficial insects and other natural predators to control pests. For example, ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory wasps feed on aphids and other pests, helping to reduce the pest populations.

Diatomaceous Earth

Diatomaceous earth is a natural powder made from the fossilized remains of tiny sea creatures.9 When applied to the soil, it acts as a physical barrier that cuts the exoskeletons of insects and dries them out.

Neem Oil

Neem oil is derived from the seeds of the neem tree and has insecticidal properties. When applied to the leaves of the plants, it can help to control aphids, cabbage loopers, and other pests.

Soap and Water Solution

A soap and water solution can control soft-bodied pests like aphids, spider mites, and whiteflies. Simply mix a few drops of dish soap with water and spray it directly onto the pests.5

Growing Brussel sprouts is a simple process that cannot fail if you follow the guide above. The same way you learn how to grow carrots or any other plant is the same way you do with this one.

Master the growing conditions, pests, and diseases that can put your yield at risk and your crops will produce high yields. If you know how to grow rice and how to grow potatoes, maybe it is time you learned how to grow Brussel Sprouts.

Frequently Asked Questions About How To Grow Brussels Sprouts

Where To Plant Brussels Sprouts?

In full sun, in well-drained soil, spaced 18-24 inches apart, in cool climates during spring or early summer.

How To Prepare the Soil for Brussels Sprouts?

Adding compost, tilling deeply, and adjusting soil pH to 6.0-7.0. Ensure good drainage and consistent moisture, and avoid planting in soil previously occupied by Brassica family crops.3

Where Do I Look for the Sprouts on the Plant?

At the base of the stalk near the bottom, they form clusters along the stem. Wait until they are firm and 1-2 inches in size before harvesting.

How Can I Get My Sprouts To Mature at the Same Time?

Plant seedlings at the same time, space them evenly, provide consistent moisture and fertility, and avoid over-crowding.

Why Do My Sprouts Form Loose, Not Tight Heads?

Inconsistent moisture, over-fertilization, temperature fluctuations, or disease. Choose a suitable location, water regularly, and provide balanced fertilizer to encourage tight head formation.

Why Do My Sprouts Taste Bitter?

Lack of water, extreme temperatures, disease, or old age. Ensure consistent moisture, avoid planting in hot weather, protect from disease, and harvest sprouts when they are firm and 1-2 inches in size to avoid bitterness.


References

1MiracleGro. (2023). How to Grow Brussel Sprouts. MiracleGro. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from <https://miraclegro.com/en-us/growing-plants/vegetables/how-to-grow-brussels-sprouts.html>

2Balcony Garden Web. (2023). Growing Brussels Sprouts in Containers | How to Grow Brussels Sprout in a Pot. Balcony Garden Web. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from <https://balconygardenweb.com/growing-brussels-sprouts-in-containers-how-to-grow-brussel-sprout-in-a-pot/>

3Lofgren, K. (2021, August 25). How to Identify and Manage Brussels Sprout Diseases. Gardener’s Path. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from <https://gardenerspath.com/how-to/disease-and-pests/brussels-sprout-diseases/>

4Lofgren, K. (2021, August 25). How to Identify and Manage Brussels Sprout Diseases. Gardener’s Path. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from <https://gardenerspath.com/how-to/disease-and-pests/brussels-sprout-diseases/#Best-Practices-to-Avoid-Diseases>

5The Gardening Dad. (2021, June 30). 16 PROVEN Ways to Get Rid of Aphids on Brussel Sprouts (2023). The Gardening Dad. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from <https://thegardeningdad.com/proven-ways-to-get-rid-of-aphids-on-brussel-sprouts/>

6Porter, J. (2020, March 13). Planting Prognostication: Understanding last frost and planting dates. The Garden Professors. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from <https://gardenprofessors.com/planting-prognostication-understanding-last-frost-and-planting-dates/>

7Capinera, J. L. (2020, June). common name: cabbage looper. Featured Creatures. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/cabbage_looper.htm>

8Eshle, L. (2018, June). The ABCs of NPK: A fertilizer guide. OSU Extension Service. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <https://extension.oregonstate.edu/crop-production/soil/abcs-npk-fertilizer-guide>

9Oregon State University. (2013, January). Diatomaceous Earth. National Pesticide Information Center. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/degen.html>

10Organic Matter Research Laboratory. (2023). What is organic matter? USGS. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <https://www.usgs.gov/labs/organic-matter-research-laboratory/what-organic-matter-0>

11UC Davis. (2023). Soil Borne Diseases. UC Davis Global Soil Health Portal. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <https://soilhealth.ucdavis.edu/soil-challenges/soil-borne-diseases>

12University of Florida. (2021, August 5). Rooting Hormones. FLORIDA-FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING™ PROGRAM. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <https://ffl.ifas.ufl.edu/resources/ffl-minute-radio/2021-archive/august-2021/rooting-hormones/>

13University of Rhode Island. (2023). Drip Irrigation. The University of Rhode Island. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from <https://web.uri.edu/safewater/protecting-water-quality-at-home/sustainable-landscaping/drip-irrigation/>

14Photo by Florin Birjoveanu. Pixabay. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/images/id-3733289/>

15Photo by Carola68. Pixabay. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/images/id-4978068/>

16Cabbage aphids Photo by Scot C. Nelson / CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. Resized and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://www.flickr.com/photos/scotnelson/13474756985/sizes/l/>

17Cabbage Looper Photo by Brooke Alexander, Sue Boo, Heagan Ahmed, and Sierra Williams / Public Domain Mark 1.0. Resized and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://www.flickr.com/photos/usgsbiml/32131672080/sizes/c/>

18Photo by Angela Yuriko Smith. Pixabay. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/images/id-4427531/>

19Flea beetle (Alticini) Photo by Francisco Welter-Schultes / CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. Resized and Changed Format. From Wikimedia Commons <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alticini-Germany-02-fws.jpg>

20Photo by freestocks.org. Pexels. Retrieved from <https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-snails-on-green-plant-135128/>

21Species Information Image: Green vegetable on brown wooden table Photo by Matt Seymour. (2020, December 24) / Unsplash License. Cropped and added text, shape, and background elements. Unsplash. Retrieved January 10, 2024, from <https://unsplash.com/photos/green-vegetable-on-brown-wooden-table-bQDpre5-f_s>