How to Grow an Apple Tree From Seed: Guide to All 10 Species Malus Domestica

Georgette Kilgore headshot, wearing 8 Billion Trees shirt with forest in the background.Written by Georgette Kilgore

Gardening | April 1, 2024

Man leaning on a shovel next to an apple tree asks how to grow an apple tree from seed and wonders if there’s a guide to growing apple trees from seeds, and how long does it take for an apple tree to grow?

Given the fact that a few varieties of apple trees (especially the wild apple) are endangered, you may be wondering how to grow an Apple tree from seed.

This beloved fruit is an excellent source of vitamins, and you may be surprised to learn that growing an apple tree from a seed isn’t as complicated as you might think.

The key is to understand the needs of the species you want to plant, and then making sure you provide the right conditions for growth.

In fact, if you live in an area that can support it (elevations above 1200m), planting a Niedzwetzky’s Apple Tree would be awesome! But, even if you don’t live in these locations, you can learn how to grow an apple tree from seed collected from any apple.

This guide provides the information for growing an apple tree from seeds and examines 10 of the most popular types of apples to grow and their needs, so that your fruit trees will flourish.

Growing Apple Trees From Seed: How To Grow an Apple Tree From Seed

You can easily cultivate Apple trees from the simple fruits you get at the grocery store. However, this is not simple, as it requires much patience and attention.

Additionally, you need to identify your favorite apple fruit that you want to cultivate from a store.2

This is because all apple fruit varieties require to be pollinated in order to produce a fruit. Also, pollen grains can come from another Apple tree, such as Crabapples.

Nonetheless, you need to learn the right procedure for growing any Apple tree from its seed.

Here Is All You Need To Know About Growing Apple Trees From Seed

You can easily grow an Apple tree from an apple fruit you bought at any grocery store. All you require is much patience and a variety of suppliers for your fruit choice.

Here are the steps you need to know how to grow an Apple tree from seed.

Firstly, you need to pick your favorite apple fruit and carefully remove its seeds from the core without any damage.

A small jar of clean Apple tree seeds taken from the core showing the first step on how to grow an Apple tree from seed.

(Image: Mojpe23)

Later, you need to clean all the fruit seeds to remove any fruit juice and bits. You are then required to put the seeds in a small container filled with potting mix.

You should maintain cool and moist conditions since apples originate from temperate conditions that take some time to germinate.

Next, put your germination container under a plastic bag and place them in an unheated garage.

This implies that you are incorporating the conditions the seeds would experience over the winter. That way, these seeds will sprout into seedlings that can be planted outside in the spring after the frost danger has passed.

Graphic instruction about how to grow apple trees from a seed with apple trees in the background of steps numbered with apples.

You can now relocate the pots to a well-lit, warm, and moist soil condition. Allow these seedlings to germinate for up to a month, and they will begin pushing above the soil surface.

At this point, you can plant them in a moist place with sufficient sunlight and supply them with a balanced fertilizer.

Importantly, you should plant at least two apple seedlings to ensure they pollinate each other. Thankfully, your Apple trees will produce the exact fruit you bought at the grocery.

Overview of the Apple Tree

Like most fruit trees, apples are small-sized trees that can attain about 25 feet in height and feature a crown spread of 25 feet.

It has simple, oval-shaped leaves with small serrations along the margin, with an alternate arrangement on the branches.

Its normal leaf measure 1.5-2.5 in wide, 2-5 in long, and is acuminate-tipped.

Apple Tree

(Malus domestica)

Apple Tree in oval frame on green background.
  • Family: Rosaceae-Rose Family
  • Genus: Malus P.Mill-apple
  • Leaf: Simple oval-shaped leaf with small serrations on the margins.
  • Bark: Brown scaly
  • Seed: Small brown
  • Fruit: Apple
  • Blossoms: Pink and white flowers that balloon
  • Native Habitat: Central Asia
  • Height: 25 Feet
  • Canopy: 25 Feet
  • Type: Deciduous
  • Other Facts: Apple fruits have been cash crops during the 19th and 20th centuries. Most types of Apple trees were grown in Central Virginia. Most Apple trees growing in parks are the remains of cultivated fruit orchards.

Image Credit: こうこう きちでん (punch_ra)37

How Long Do Apple Seeds Take To Germinate?

An apple seed takes an average of 30 to 40 days to germinate, depending on the variety.15 However, you should provide them with suitable cold and moist conditions to facilitate their germination.

Graphics showing the Apple tree growth stages including Apple tree dormant seed, Apple tree swollen bud, Apple tree bud burst, Apple tree green cluster, Apple tree flowers bloom, and Apple tree fruits set.

Also, you should not allow the paper towel to dry out until they sprout and become ready for sowing.

How Long Does It Take for an Apple Tree To Grow & How Long Does It Take Apple Seedlings To Bear Fruit

A standard Apple tree takes up to 8 years to bear fruits.14 Some varieties are more susceptible to diseases and insect damage compared to others.

Apple trees also require annual trimming to keep them productive and healthy.1

Dwarf Apple trees start bearing fruits within 2-3 years after planting. These trees require direct sunlight of at least 8 hours per day during the growing season.

Also, they require two varieties for successful pollination, as one variety can be Crabapple.

Are Apple Seeds Toxic?

Yes, apple seeds contain a toxic compound known as amygdalin which has health risks to your body.

Typically, when you chew an apple seed, this compound turns into hydrogen cyanide which is highly poisonous and deadly in high doses.3

Apple Seed Germination: Guide to All 10 Species Malus Domestica

All apple seed varieties germinate within two weeks when stratified. At two weeks, these seeds shoot and produce seedlings.

These seedlings later grow into a tree within a short time.

Most Apple trees propagated from seeds take between 8-10 years to produce apple fruits. Thus, you should consider it as a long-term project requiring much patience.

Further, growing fruits in pots is a feasible way of adding structure and foliage to your backyard.

Can You Plant Apple Seeds? How To Grow an Apple Tree From Seed

Yes, you can plant apple seeds to grow into trees. According to research carried out by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2015, you can plant pollinated apple seeds to grow them into trees.

However, this research identified that these seeds would require great care and attention.1

You should provide a cool, moist soil condition for these seeds to germinate.16 To achieve this, you can plant your apple seeds outdoors during the fall.

Also, ensure that you plant these seeds ½ inch deep.

Growing an Apple Tree From a Seedling & Preparing Apple Seeds for Planting

For apple seeds to sprout, you need to expose them to a stratification or chilling period before planting them. This involves placing the apple seeds between damp tissue or paper towels in an airtight container.

You then need to give them a stratification and chilling duration to allow them to sprout, thus, place this container in a refrigerator for two to four weeks and keep watching their progress.5

Apple Tree (Malus domestica): 10 Common Types of Apple Trees

Although, you might consider apple fruits as of similar species, there are various types of Apple trees mainly bred by grafting by farmers.

Related Reading: 28 Types of Trees by Location, Species, Leaves, Colors (Pictures)

These fruits are commonly known for their top health benefits, such as high vitamin content, antioxidants, and dietary fiber. These fruits are classified according to their general skin color.4

Here is an overview of 10 different types of apple trees:

Green Apples

Green Apples were first grown in Australia in 1868. Green Apple fruits are a hybrid of French Crab and Rome Beauty.

Amazingly, they contain additional nutrients that are beneficial to our bodies.

You can use Green Apples to prepare valuable products such as green apple crisp, caramel apples, sangria, apple salad, and apple cinnamon muffins. These apples have a high fiber content but low calories and fat.

The most common types of Green Apples are the Granny Smith, Ginger Gold, and Pippin Apple.5

Closeup of a Granny Smith cultivar of Apple tree showing leaves and fruits hanging on the branches.

(Image: Charlotte Noelle27)

1. Granny Smith Apple

The Granny Smith Apple is a popular Green Apple named after an Australian cultivator known as Ann Smith. This firm crisp apple has a very sharp taste.

Also, this apple is well-known as a refreshing apple that can be served when chilled a little bit.

2. Pippin Apple

Also known as Albemarle Pippin, the Pippin Apple is an heirloom apple variety. It is an American apple variety originating from New York.

You can use it best for cooking, making apple cider, juicing, and other menus.

Eye-level shot of an apple orchard showing Pippin apples with green and light red outer skin.

(Image: Leslie Seaton28)

Yellow Apples

Also referred to as Golden Delicious Apples, Yellow Apples are apple species with yellow gold skin. These fruits have a similar taste and texture to Red Delicious apples.

Here are the common Yellow Apples:

3. Opal Apple

The Opal Apple is a crossbreed of Topaz and the Golden Delicious. This species was developed by the Institute of Experimental Botany in Prague.

These fruits have a crisp flesh-sweet flavor and do not turn brown due to their lower level of enzymes.

An Opal apple variety with yellow outer skin atop a white surface.

(Image: Forest and Kim Starr29)

A fruit stand in a market showing Crispin apples.

(Image: Ludovic Bertron30)

4. Crispin Apple

Also referred to as Mutsu, Crispin Apple is a cross between the Golden Delicious and Indo. This type of tree can be traced back to Aomori Prefecture in Japan.

Its fruits have honey-like acrid, sweet, and juicy.

Red Apples

Unlike Green Apples, Red Apples lack a sour taste. These fruits are generally sweet and juicy, making them perfect for preparing apple juice and sauces.

Also, these apples greatly promote heart health due to their high levels of potassium and Vitamin C which reduces the risk of diabetes.

Common red apple varieties include:

Low-angle shot of an Apple tree showing a bunch of Fuji apples with yellow and pink outer skin.

(Image: cygnus92131)

5. Fuji Apples

Fuji apples are apple varieties developed by the Tohoku Research Station in Aomori, Japan. This variety is a crossbreed between Red Delicious and Virginia Ralls Genet apples.

These fruits have an alluring pink flush and are widely produced in USA and China.

6. Red Delicious Apple

Previously known as Hawkeye, this variety was first found growing on a farm in Peru, Lowa. This apple variety is among the most commonly grown in the United States.

Generally, it is a medium-sized fruit with thick skin and a round appearance on the upper part.

Closeup of a bunch of Red Delicious apple variety with red outer skin on wooden surface.

(Image: Stacy Spensley32)

An apple orchard with crates filled with newly harvested HoneyCrisp apples.

(Image: Terra Slaybaugh33)

7. HoneyCrisp Apples

The HoneyCrisp Apples were first developed by the University of Minnesota back in the 1960s.17 These fruits generally have balanced acidity and sweetness.

This Apple tree has a slower growth rate, and it takes up to 5 years to bear fruits.

8. Gala Apple

This is a clonally propagated apple variety commonly grown in the United States. It was first grown in New Zealand as a crossbreed of Kidd’s Orange Red and Golden Delicious.

This apple fruit has a special juicy crunch and a medium-sweet flavor.

Top shot of large fruit crate full of red Gala Apples.

(Image: Terra Slaybaugh34)

Low-angle shot of an Apple tree showing green leaves and a bunch of McIntosh apples.

(Image: Paul VanDerWerf35)

9. Mclntosh Red Apple

This Apple tree bears fruit with red and green skin and is named after John Mcltosh. It has a mild white flesh and a tart flavor.

These apple fruits are ideal for preparing sweet cider, apple sauce, and other dishes.

10. Pacific Rose Apple

Also known as Sciros, the Pacific Rose apple is a common apple variety mainly grown in Washington State. It was first propagated in New Zealand and had a rosy-red blush with juicy and crisp flesh.

Also, it is a rich source of protein, fiber, calcium, Iron, and vitamins A and C.

Top shot of Pacific Rose apples showing bright red outer skin and white inner flesh.

(Image: Forest and Kim Starr36)

Other Names for Apple Tree (Malus domestica)

The Apple tree, with its scientific name Malus domestica, has other common names that most people use for identification purposes.18 These names include Paradise Apple and Common Apple.

This has been due to the extensive common breeding that has made it difficult to classify various taxonomic species.4

Therefore, there is a great debate in the world due to species inclusion and separation. The Apple tree is, however, the first tree to be domesticated to produce edible fruits for humans.

These trees grow in the park to produce fruits of various tastes, sizes, and colors, contributing to great environmental benefits of trees to our environment.

Native Region and Habitat Growing Needs for Apple Tree

According to research conducted in 2014, the domesticated apple varieties grow in temperate conditions. This tree is a native plant of Central Asia, and it is currently grown in most parts of Asia, Europe, China, Pakistan, and North America.6

If you are growing an Apple tree in your yard, you should provide it with sufficient sunlight and a well-drained fertile soil. You may also consider testing your soil to identify the kinds of organic matter and fertilizer that you should add to improve your soil nutrient value.

It will also help if you add a layer of mulch or compost on the bare soil to allow nutrients to quickly reach the soil through the root ball.6

How To Identify Apple Tree, Apples From the Mature Tree & Tree Seed Pods Identification

According to research, there are over 7,500 apple varieties across the world, and therefore, it may be hard for you to identify an Apple tree species. For an easy identification process, you should consider looking at the tree’s bark and leaf structure.7

Apple tree identification showing Apple tree leaves, Apple tree flowers, and Apple tree fruits images in circle frames on a green background.

The Apple tree bark is generally scaly and gray. It also has a rough texture and shows insect damage if it stays for a long period without being attended.

The apple leaf is also a key identifier of this tree species. You can use leaves to identify an Apple tree before it starts bearing fruits. Typically, all Apple tree leaves are green and have similar characteristics.

The Apple tree leaves are alternate since they move down the branch. They are also simple leaves for each leaf grows on its stem. They are dark-green colored and have a duller grayish-green color on their underside.

Lastly, they are small-sized, measure about 1.5 to 3 inches, and can be blurry.

You can also use an apple fruit to identify an Apple tree and determine its variety. Apple trees fruit in the late summer to early fall. As discussed earlier, each Apple tree variety produces a unique fruit that is differentiated by its appearance.4

Apple Tree Seed Pods Identification

Identifying a tree seed pod is also an effective method of identifying a tree. Each tree has a unique seed pod identification feature.

An Apple tree seed pod relatively measures about 8 mm long.

Facts About Apple Tree: Includes How Long Does It Take for a Tree To Grow

It would be helpful if you learned some facts about the Apple tree. To help you to understand this tree producing the best natural fruit, here are some facts you should know about Apple trees:

  • An Apple tree takes about 4-5 years to produce its first fruit. A standard-sized Apple tree begins producing fruits 8-10 years after it is planted. On the other hand, a dwarf tree begins producing fruits at 3-5 years.
  • The science of growing Apple trees is known as pomology.
  • An Apple tree uses the energy of 50 leaves to produce a fruit.
  • The heaviest apple fruit ever harvested weighed 3 pounds and 2 ounces.
  • An Apple tree lives for up to 100 years.
  • An Apple tree belongs to the Rose family.

How To Grow Apple Tree From Transplanting Apple Seedlings

You should plant an Apple tree in early spring as soon as it is easy to work on the soil. The container-grown seeds should be planted anytime during the growing season as long as they get sufficient water.

Also, ensure that you plant your Apple seedling in enough sunlight.8

A few weeks old Apple variety seedling growing on dirt.

(Image: Rongthep24)

This tree requires fertile, well-drained soil. Therefore, you should choose light to medium-textured soil as this tree struggles in clay soil.

You should also ensure that this tree has the best soil conditions, including a pH range of 5.5 to 7.0, by testing the soil before planting the tree.19

Before planting the seedling, ensure that you have removed all weeds within 4 feet of its circumference. Then dig a 2-feet deep hole and place some soil back into the hole when ensuring that the plant is not twisted.8

At this stage, you should regularly incorporate routine management practices such as watering the young plants to ensure the root system is well established. You also need to train your young apple branches to ensure they move in your preferred direction.

Lastly, you should ensure proper pest and disease management by using pesticides and pruning your tree.8

Apple Tree Disease Prevention

Although it is essential to inspect your tree regularly for pest and disease infestation, it may be hard to know how to deal with this problem in the first place. You can easily prevent disease infestation on your apple tree by:

  • Pruning regularly
  • Cleaning your tools
  • Treating your soil
  • Spraying using fungicides

Folklore, Significance, and Medicinal Qualities of Apple Tree

The Apple tree has valuable uses and healing properties that have been well-known over the years. This tree is associated with knowledge, magic, sensuality, and paradise experience.

Apple fruits have been commonly used as a tool for love and divination magic as they attract love.4

Also, most people use apple fruits for their notable health benefits. Apples are well known for their high nutrient composition, including vitamins A and C, proteins, and phosphorous.

Therefore, doctors recommend patients eat these fruits to enjoy their health benefits.4

Conservation Level of Apple Tree

An Apple tree requires wet and cold conditions to thrive. Apple fruits also require sufficient sunlight to attain their color.

Most of these tree varieties thrive in temperatures not rising above 32 °C (90°F).

Deforestation in areas where Apple trees are growing can alter the suitable climatic conditions. Typically, this may lead to undesired levels of moisture and temperatures.

Therefore, there is a need to protect trees within apple tree-growing areas to ensure these trees thrive.

Can I Grow an Apple Tree Indoors?

According to research by Cornell University, Apple trees absorb about 10-20 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre annually. These trees also produce 15 tonnes of oxygen per acre yearly.

Dwarf apple trees can thrive indoors but with the right ecological conditions; thus, you can grow these trees in your house as a source of oxygen.4

How Long It Takes To Grow Apple Tree?

The duration an Apple tree takes to grow to produce fruits depends on the variety.20

Dwarf Apple tree varieties begin bearing fruits within 2-3 years after planting.

Apple tree growth chart showing full grown Apple tree in a line graph with Apple tree age on the x-axis and Apple tree height on the y-axis.

On the other hand, a standard apple tree takes up to 8 years to produce fruit.5

When To Plant Apple Tree for the Best Yield

The onset of spring is the best time to plant an Apple tree for the best yield. At this time, an apple tree acquires one inch of water from rainfall.

Also, there is the desired level of temperature and sunlight to support the establishment of this tree’s roots during this time.1

Growing Zones for Apple Tree (Where To Grow)

An Apple tree is a hardy plant growing in hardiness zones between 3 to 4. The long-season apple varieties mostly flourish at zones 5 to 8.

Therefore, you should check your zone for your apple tree variety before planting it at your place.

Companion Plants for Growing Apple Tree

Growing an Apple tree with great companion plants like an avocado tree help to attract helpful pollinators and insects, deter pests, and help the plant to grow to its full potential.

Such plants also help conserve moisture, prevent weeds, and pull helpful minerals from the ground to assist all plants.4

White and green Fennel bulbs with feather-like leaves, one of the companion plants for growing Apple tree.

(Image: Efraimstochter25)

There is a wide variety of plants that act as great companions for Apple trees. You can grow the following trees below Apple trees to enrich the soil and deter pests by cutting them and using them as mulch:

  • Dill
  • Comfrey
  • Chamomile
  • Nasturtium
  • Coriander
  • Basil
  • Fennel
  • Mint
  • Lemongrass
  • Yarrow
  • Artemisia

Growing an Apple Tree From a Cutting: How To Grow a Tree From a Branch

You can propagate an apple tree cutting to sprout into a tree. However, this has a reduced success rate as the cutting may take up to six months to root.

This propagation method is relatively straightforward but takes quite some time to succeed.9

You can initiate the apple tree cutting in early spring or winter when the tree is dormant.21 Slice a portion of the branch about 15-38 cm (6-15 inches) from the tip of the branch.

Afterward, place your cutting under moist sawdust for about 3-4 weeks under a refrigerator or cool space.9

At the end of this duration, your cutting will form a callus at its end. You must dust this end with rooting powder and place the dusted tip in a container with moist peat soil.

Finally, ensure the soil maintains its moisture and place your container in a warm area with partial sunlight.9

Best Growing Conditions for Apple Tree & How Much Sunlight Does Apple Tree Need Each Day

Most apple tree varieties flourish under direct sunlight and moist conditions. This means they should access direct sunlight at least six hours per day.

These trees also require well-drained soil but with great water retention ability.7

Watering Needs for Apple Tree Plants

A well-established apple tree requires an inch of water in the soil every ten days. A young Apple tree requires 2 inches of water daily to develop a healthy root.

Also, you should consider watching out for dry soil when eight to ten inches of soil is dry.7

Planting Tips for Apple Tree

It would be best to use the best planting tip when planting an Apple tree. These trees thrive best in hardy zones of 3-8.

Nonetheless, here are some helpful planting tips for apple trees:

  1. Choose the best site, as these trees require a full amount of sunlight, enough space, a neutral pH level, and well-drained soil with great water retention ability.
  2. Prepare your planting site by removing debris and weeds to achieve the best soil balances.
  3. Get the right rootstock for planting. A mature young seedling will be good to flourish.
  4. You then need to plant your tree by digging a hole about 2 feet deep and ensuring that the soil is loose and nice around the edges.

How Far Apart To Plant Apple Trees?

Knowing how to grow an Apple tree from seed is as important as knowing how far apart to plant Apple trees.

Apple trees with lush and green foliage in an Apple orchard showing how far apart to plant Apple trees.

(Image: Zauberin26)

It would be best to plant Apple trees at a spacing of 15 to 18 feet apart.22 Dwarf Apple tree varieties may require a spacing of 4 to 8 feet.

Generally, Apple trees require cross-pollination, and various cultivars should be planted 2,000 feet closer.8

Common Pests of the Apple Tree

Homeowners and apple tree cultivators face a great problem of dealing with Apple tree pests. Most of these pests cause major damage to the tree, and it would be best to deal with them.

The most common pests of the apple tree are aphids, Japanese Beetle, leafminers, and leafrollers.8

Natural Pest Control for Apple Tree

While it is essential to control pests on an apple tree, pesticides are among the feasible ways of achieving this. However, these chemicals pose a great threat to our environment hence there is a need to use natural pest control methods.

Some of the natural ways to control pests on your apple trees are replacing grass with mulch, mowing around the tree, and growing apple trees with companion plants.10

How To Grow a Lemon Tree

Unlike the apple tree, a Lemon tree requires a place with direct sunlight to grow. Also, if you are planting it in a cooler region, you should plant it near a brick wall to make use of the radiating heat.

Lemon trees flourish under a range of various soils but mostly prefer well-drained, slightly acidic soil.11

How To Grow a Cherry Tree From Seed

You require to place planted seeds in a southward direction to a window or greenhouse. Also, maintain a warm condition and prevent the soil from drying out.

Seedlings will begin emerging on the surface of the soil after about two weeks.12 You can then transplant the Cherry tree seedlings into their own pots after they produce a second set of leaves.

How To Grow a Mango Tree From Seed

You can easily plant a mango tree from a mature mango seed. All you need is to allow it to dry and remove it from its pit.

Later, place the seed in the germination container and provide the necessary germination conditions to facilitate the process.13

You can easily grow your favorite apple variety from seed. All you need is to ensure to provide the required ecological conditions and adopt the best-growing tips for the Apple tree to increase the possibility of having your favorite fruit next to your house.

Learning how to grow an apple tree from seed is not overly complicated, the key is choosing the right species to grow that will flourish in your growing zone.

Frequently Asked Questions About How To Grow an Apple Tree From Seed

How Is Growing an Apple From Seed Different From How To Grow a Mango Tree From Seed?

Growing an Apple tree from seed differs from growing a mango tree from seed. Apple seeds generally require cool and moist conditions, while mango seeds require warm and moist conditions to germinate.

What Are the Steps on How To Grow an Apple Tree From Seed? Can You Take a Seed From an Apple and Grow It?

You can easily plant and grow an apple seed from any apple you eat. However, there are some apple varieties that lack seeds.

Do Apple Seeds Require To Be Dried Before Planting?

Yes, all apple seeds require to be dried and stratified before planting them because skipping any of these two steps will make your apple seed not to germinate. If you want to plant apple seeds, you should dry them for at least 2-3 weeks.

Read More About How To Grow an Apple Tree From Seed

References

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9Grant, A. (2022, October 18). Starting Apple Tree Cuttings – Grow An Apple Tree From Cuttings. Gardening Know How. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from <https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/apples/apple-tree-rooting.htm>

10Hendry, A. M. (2018, November 1). 5 Organic Ways to Foil Fruit Tree Pests. GrowVeg.com. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from <https://www.growveg.com/guides/5-organic-ways-to-foil-fruit-tree-pests/>

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23Mojpe. Pixabay. Retrieved from, <https://pixabay.com/photos/seeds-planting-apple-seed-hands-1217133/>

24Rongthep. Pixabay. Retrieved from, <https://pixabay.com/photos/tree-seedlings-drills-germination-6075412/>

25Efraimstochter. Pixabay. Retrieved from, <https://pixabay.com/photos/fennel-fennel-vegetable-vegetables-214680/>

26Zauberin. Pixabay. Retrieved from, <https://pixabay.com/photos/apples-apple-tree-garden-orchard-168635/>

27Photo by Charlotte Noelle. Unsplash. Retrieved from <https://unsplash.com/photos/apple-fruits-on-tree-APqWrYbYnjs>

28Newtown pippins Photo by Leslie Seaton / CC BY 2.0 DEED | Attribution 2.0 Generic. Resized and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://flic.kr/p/drLX67>

29Malus pumila (Domestic apple) Photo by Forest and Kim Starr / CC BY 3.0 DEED | Attribution 3.0 Unported. Resized and Changed Format. From Starr Environmental <http://www.starrenvironmental.com>

30Mutsu Photo by Ludovic Bertron / CC BY 2.0 DEED | Attribution 2.0 Generic. Resized and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://flic.kr/p/64bd98>

31Fuji apples on Carter Mountain, Virginia Photo by cygnus921 / CC BY 2.0 DEED | Attribution 2.0 Generic. Resized and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://flic.kr/p/8JbHCT>

32red delicious apples Photo by Stacy Spensley / CC BY 2.0 DEED | Attribution 2.0 Generic. Resized and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://flic.kr/p/7zJSAB>

33Photo by Terra Slaybaugh. Unsplash. Retrieved from <https://unsplash.com/photos/red-apples-in-black-plastic-crate-7bk8q4AyJm8>

34Photo by Terra Slaybaugh. Unsplash. Retrieved from <https://unsplash.com/photos/red-and-brown-round-fruits-abSGJhSzRMI>

35McIntosh Apples Photo by Paul VanDerWerf / CC BY 2.0 DEED | Attribution 2.0 Generic. Cropped, Resized, and Changed Format. From Flickr <https://flic.kr/p/2hdnzEc>

36Pacific Rose fruit at Hawea Pl Olinda, Maui, Hawaii Photo by Forest and Kim Starr / CC BY 3.0 DEED | Attribution 3.0 Unported. Resized and Changed Format. From Starr Environmental <http://www.starrenvironmental.com>

37Apple, Ripe, Red Photo by こうこう きちでん (punch_ra). (2017, September 5) / Pixabay Content License. Cropped and added text, shape, and background elements. Pixabay. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/apple-ripe-red-fruit-apple-tree-2720105/>