Throughout the course of natural history, many individuals have set out to answer the question “How many types of flowers are there on the earth?”
This is an ever-evolving area, as new flowers continue to be discovered and classified, and old flowers are reclassified with DNA technology changing how flowers and their interrelationships are viewed.
This article explores the interesting process of the classification of plants (particularly flowers), and looks at how flowers can be identified by structure, color, and zone.
So, just how many flowers are there? Continue reading to uncover the many mysteries of the more than 350,000 known flowering plant species.
How Many Types of Flowers Are There Worldwide?
Luca Ghini’s 16th century development of the first herbarium set the stage for the centuries-long accumulation of botanical knowledge. The National Science Foundation’s current estimates place the number of known plant species at more than 400,000.
Botanical research from around the world was aggregated by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew to develop their 2016 report on the world’s plants. Of the more than 400,000 identified plant species, the Kew report estimates that 391,000 species are vascular plants (tracheophytes), or those land plants which use xylem and phloem for transporting water and photosynthesis products.
Vascular plants are structurally and genetically more complex than non-vascular plants such as mosses or algae, and include plant types such as trees, ferns, grasses, herbs, and shrubs.
But this does not answer the central question: “How many types of flowers are there?” The Angiosperms, or flowering plants, make up the largest proportion of vascular land plants, with approximately 369,000 known species as of 2016.
However, the Kew estimates that approximately 2,000 new species of plants are identified each year, so this number is ever-changing (next Kew report on plants is due October 2023).15, 28, 34
Understanding the Plant Kingdom
Prior to the 16th century, the scientific study of plants was primarily confined to Eastern cultures, such as China and India, where plants had been studied and cataloged for their medicinal use for nearly 2000 years.
It wasn’t until the beginning of the 16th century that European scientists began the process of seriously studying, collecting, and cataloging plant specimens. This intellectual pursuit of botany mirrored other movements occurring throughout Europe, and Italy in particular, as the Renaissance swept across the Western World.14
In the early 1500s, an Italian physician and professor named Luca Ghini is believed to have formed the first herbarium, or “dry garden,” where plant samples could be collected and preserved using the technique of pressing and drying. This was a huge success with his students at the University of Bologna, as the herbarium permitted them to observe details of plant specimens that they could not easily discern from paintings and drawings of the plants.31
Several years later (mid-1540s), Luca Ghini began teaching at the University of Pisa, where he created the first botanical garden in Europe, for the purpose of growing native and exotic plants for study (Orto Botanico di Pisa was moved to its permanent location around 1590, where it remains active to this day).31
Within one year of the establishment of the Botanical Garden of Pisa, Ghini’s student Luigi Anguillara developed the Botanical Garden of the University of Padua (still in its original location). Anguillara is also known for having produced a series of books entitled Semplici (~1550s), with descriptions of plants rendered in vivid and precise detail.31
Throughout his career, Luca Ghini had worked toward a botanical publication documenting and describing plants and their uses, but he eventually handed his work off to his student, Pietro Andrea Mattioli who published the work in 1544 (Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Materia Medica). The Commentarii was notable as the first publication to describe plants beyond their medicinal value, and it was hugely successful throughout Europe.31
A third student of Ghini’s, Andrea Cesalpino, is responsible for the 1583 publication of De Plantis Libri, a highly lauded work which was the first to classify plants according to their structural characteristics rather than their functions.31
These discoveries soon spread outward to other areas of Europe, where Dutch inventors would construct a microscope which could be used to study and compare the internal structure of plants during the mid-1600s.
By the beginning of the 1700s, European explorers were collecting and preserving dried samples of exotic plants for botanical examination, leading to the expansion of herbaria across Europe. However, it wasn’t until the 1833 invention of the Wardian case – a portable terrarium – that live plant specimens could be successfully transported home and added to botanical gardens.19,31
Arguably the most important and relevant work in the study of botany were the publications of Swedishman, Carl Linnaeus. In his love of nature, Linnaeus published two seminal works in the mid-1700s.
The first, titled Systema Naturae, was a 1735 pamphlet on a systematic classification for living organisms (which he would continue to revise and add to during his lifetime). This system has been expanded and fine-tuned into the taxonomic rank system used today [Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species].
Linnaeus’ second work, Species Plantarum of 1753, introduced the Latin two-word naming method (Genus species) still used today.31,35
The following diagram shows the timeline of some of the most significant advances leading to the modern understanding of the plant kingdom.
The centuries-long work of scientists, scholars, botanists and explorers across Europe led to the development of more than 3,000 herbaria worldwide and the discovery and cataloging of nearly 400 million plant specimens.17
How Many Flowering Orders Are There?
Any member of the kingdom Plantae which produces flowers is considered an Angiosperm.
While many flowering plants are herbaceous, or wildflowers, there are plenty of Angiosperms which are not what is commonly considered “flowers.” For example, flowering trees, flowering vines, flowering shrubs, and flowering cacti are all Angiosperms. This raises the question of how many flowering orders are there?
Currently, there are approximately 64 known orders of flowering plants, which can be further divided into 416 flowering families. However, the classification system for plants is constantly evolving and shifting to incorporate new knowledge.34
Classification of Flowers According to APG IV (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group)
Prior to the end of the 20th century, classification of flowers was based on their structural, or morphological, traits and characteristics.
In the 1990s, an international network of scientists was established to investigate how flowering plant species are related at the molecular level, or from an evolutionary standpoint. This collaboration assumed the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), and they published the first classification system using molecular information from DNA sequencing in 1998.34
DNA analysis changed the way that many plant relationships were viewed, and scientists are still working to understand and assimilate this new information. The APG has revised its classification system several times, most recently in 2016 with the release of the APG IV system.3,34
Under the APG IV classification system, flowering plant species are still grouped according to orders, families, and genera, but they are also subdivided into clades based on their shared evolutionary ancestors. The table on the left shows a simplified breakdown of Angiosperm orders.
The first two clades are the Basal Angiosperms (ANA) and Core Angiosperms. The 3 orders in ANA include around 200 unique species which are believed to have diverged from the other Angiosperms earlier in evolutionary history.
The most well-known member of the ANA group is the water lily. (Nymphaea odorata).
The Core Angiosperms (Mesangiospermae) are a much larger clade, which comprise over 99% of the 369,000 known flowering species. Mesangiospermae includes two stand alone orders (Chloranthales and Ceratophyllales) and three additional clades: Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots.
The Magnoliids clade contains four orders of angiosperms (more than 10,000 species) which are primarily flowering trees and shrubs, such as the pink magnolia tree and wild cinnamon tree.
The other two clades of Mesangiospermae are the Monocots and Eudicots (dicots).
The 11 monocot orders include approximately 60,000 species which make up around 25% of all Angiosperms. Monocot orders are further categorized into 3 separate clades (alismatid, lilioid, and commelinid) according to their shared ancestry.
Alismatid monocots include many aquatic plants. Lilioid monocots are characterized by prominent flowers such as lilies and orchids.
Finally, commelinid monocots include many species such as ginger, grasses, and many types of palm trees.
Monocots are an important food source for humans, including plants such as sugar cane, corn, wheat, and many tropical fruits!18
Eudicots are overwhelmingly the largest group of flowering plants with nearly 200,000 species. This group is composed of 44 orders.
Four of the orders are considered basal eudicots (earlier diverging) and include species such as the lotus, buttercup, and poppy.
The later diverging core eudicots include two orders (dilleniales and gunnerales) and two additional clades: superastrids and superrosids. The superastrids comprise 20 distinct orders, including the Asterales, parent of the daisy family (Asteraceae).
The superrosids comprise 17 orders and include the well-loved rose family and fruit trees such as the cherry blossom tree (Rosaceae).
Recognizing the difference between monocots and dicots can be tricky, but there are several things to look for. The following table provides comparative information.10,22
Monocots | Eudicots |
A single seed leaf (cotyledon) | Two seed leaves (cotyledons) |
Leaves with parallel veins | Leaves with branching, reticulated veins |
Fibrous, spreading root system | Strong, central taproot |
Vascular tissue bundles scattered | Vascular tissue bundles in ring pattern |
Flower parts in groups of 3 or 6 (often) | Flower parts in groups of 4 or 5 (often) |
Single pollen pore | Three pollen pores |
No secondary growth (e.g. wood, bark) | Regular secondary growth |
How Many Types of Flowers Are There Extinct in the Wild?
The Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew set out to answer the question: “How many types of flowers are there extinct or at risk of extinction?”
In a 2017 report, Kew researchers expressed concern that many plant species would become extinct or at risk before being discovered and evaluated. They found that certain traits and factors were associated with a higher risk of extinction.
For example, epiphytes, zygomorphic flowers, plants with separate male and female organisms, and plants which rely on insect pollinators are all believed to be at greater risk, particularly when correlated with environmental risk factors.30 Some researchers estimate that as many as 600 plant species have already gone extinct.
The status of many plants can be checked through Plants of the World Online.16
Many types of flowers which are recognizable garden staples and greenhouse cultivars may actually be extinct in the wild. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Environmental Conservation System provides listings of threatened and endangered plant species in the U.S. Wikipedia lists approximately 130 extinct species of eudicots and at least 7 extinct species of monocots, with many more possibly extinct species and subspecies.
Some of the most famous of the presumed extinct or extinct in the wild flowering species include:1, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 33
- Alula (Brighamia insignis) of Hawaii
- Angel’s Trumpets of South America (all 7 species extinct in the wild)
- Appalachian Barbara’s Buttons (Marshallia grandiflora) of North Carolina, U.S.
- Argocoffeopsis lemblinii of France
- Chocolate Cosmos (Cosmos atrosanguineus) of Mexico
- Cry Violet (Viola cryana) of France
- Euphorbia mayurnathanii of India
- Falls-of-the-Ohio Scurfpea (Orbexilum stipulatum) of Kentucky, U.S.
- Franciscan Manzanita (Arctostaphylos franciscana) of California, U.S.
- Franklinia Tree (Franklinia alatamaha) of Georgia, U.S.
- Galapagos Amaranth (Blutaparon rigidum) of Galapagos Islands
- Lysimachia minoricensis of Spain
- Oeceoclades seychellarum of the Seychelles
- Middlemist Red of China
- St. Helena Mountain Bush (Acalypha rubrinervis) of St. Helena Island
- St. Helena Olive (Nesiota elliptica) of St. Helena Island
- Thismia (Thismia americana) of Illinois, U.S.
- Toromiro Tree (Sophora toromiro) of Easter Island
- Tulare Saltbush (Atriplex tularensis) of California, U.S.
- Valerianella affinis of Yemen
- Wynberg Conebush (Leucadendron grandiflorum) of Britain
Types of Flowers by Attributes
Knowing how to identify types of flowers by attributes is a useful skill, particularly for individuals interested in foraging, herbal medicine, or experimental gardening. An individual can narrow down flower types by life cycle and types of flowers by shapes even!
Some of the most popular ways to identify types of flowers are by looking at their most prominent attributes: petals and color. The following sections explore how flowers can be identified by their petals and their color.
Identifying Types of Flowers by Petals
To identify types of flowers by petals, it is first important to recognize and understand individual flower shapes.
There are between 9 and 13 unique flower shapes, depending on how it’s viewed. The following table expands on some of the most recognizable shapes, with examples.6,12
1. Bell-Shaped (Campanulate)
Campanulate flowers give the appearance of having a single bell-shaped petal. These flowers may be clustered and often droop downward; bluebells are common examples.
2. Cup-Shaped
Cup-shaped or bowl-shaped flowers typically have a deep, hollow center and fairly erect, uniform petals. This is a common flower shape.
Tulips are the most common example.
3. Funnel-Shaped
Flowers that are funnel-shaped typically have a narrow base which widens gradually into an open flower, such as with this Chinese Hibiscus.
4. Saucer-Shaped
The saucer shape is nearly flat, resembling a dinner plate, and may have flared petals. The geranium family are good examples of this shape.
5. Star-Shaped
Star-shaped flowers come in many shapes and sizes and typically display many slender petals extending from the flower center.
6. Strap-Shaped
Strap-shaped flowers can be very tricky. The Asteraceae family (daisies, mums, sunflowers) are the most common example; these inflorescences appear to be a single flower but are actually clusters of tiny flowers, each bearing a single petal.
7. Trumpet-Shaped
The petunia is an excellent example of a trumpet-shaped flower with its narrow, tubular base widening suddenly into an open, flared bloom.
8. Tubular
Tubular flowers have a long, thin tube which may flare into a small flower at the tip. In the picture on the left, the small white flower is actually the petals, while the large pink parts surrounding it are bracts (petal-like leaves).
There are several other shapes as well, such as the pea-shape common to the Papilionaceae family and the cross-shape of the Brassicaceae family.
Aside from individual flower shapes, flowers can also be solitary or clustered. The examples above are all solitary flowers (excluding the chrysanthemum), but clustered flowers are also common, such as in the hyacinth or false goat’s beard (Image: Denise Davis36).
These flower clusters are called an inflorescence.6
Hyacinth
False Goat's Beard
Identifying Types of Flowers by Color
Most popular garden flowers used today have many cultivars and come in a wide range of colors, and this makes identifying types of flowers by color rather difficult in many instances and only marginally more helpful than identifying types of flowers by names. However, there are some flowers that are notable for their specific color or combination of colors.
Some of the most prominent flower examples are organized by color in the following table.
White Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Adam’s Needle Yucca | Yucca filamentosa | Monocots Asparagaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Baby’s Breath | Gympsophila paniculata | Eudicots Caryophyllaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Crimson Eyed Rosemallow | Hibiscus mosheutos | Eudicots Malvaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Lily of the Valley (Image: Ganossi38) | Convallaria majalis | Monocots Asparagaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Madagascar Jasmine | Stephanotis floribunda | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Moonflower | Ipomoea alba | Eudicots Convolvulaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Oakleaf Hydrangea | Hydrangea quercifolia | Eudicots Hydrangeaceae Family | Deciduous Spring/Summer |
Queen Anne’s Lace (Image: Anandasandra38) | Daucus carota | Eudicots Apiaceae Family | Biennial Summer/Fall |
Snowdrop | Galanthus elwesii | Monocots Amaryllidaceae Family | Perennial Winter/Spring |
Star of Bethlehem | Ornithogalum thyrsoides | Monocots Asparagaceae Family | Perennial Fall/Winter |
Lily of the Valley
Queen Anne’s Lace
Yellow Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Black-eyed Susan Vine | Thunbergia alata | Eudicots Acanthaceae Family | Annual Spring/Fall |
Carolina Jessamine | Gelsemium sempervirens | Eudicots Gelsemiaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Fall |
Dwarf Yellow Daylily | Hemerocallis minor | Monocots Asphodelaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Easter Tree | Forsythia viridissima | Eudicots Oleaceae Family | Deciduous Early Spring |
Goldenrod | Solidago altissima | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Mouse-Ear Tickseed | Coreopsis auriculata | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Prickly Pear | Opuntia humifusa | Eudicots Caryophyllales Family | Perennial Summer |
Scotch Broom (Image: Armennano38) | Cytisus scoparius | Eudicots Fabaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
St. John’s Wort | Hypericum calycinum | Eudicots Hypericaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Sunflower (Image Congerdesign38) | Helianthus annuus | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Annual Summer/Fall |
Scotch Broom
Sunflower
Orange Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
African Tulip Tree | Spathodea campanulata | Eudicots Bignoniaceae Family | Evergreen Spring |
Bird of Paradise (Image: Denise Davis36) | Strelitzia reginae | Monocots Strelitziaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Butterfly Weed | Asclepias tuberosa | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
California Poppy | Eschscholzia californica | Eudicots Papaveraceae Family | Annual Spring/Summer |
Chinese Trumpet Vine (Image: Hans38) | Campsis grandiflora | Eudicots Bignoniaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Marigold | Calendula officinalis | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Annual Spring/Summer |
Mexican Sunflower | Tithonia rotundifolia | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Annual Summer/Fall |
Orange Butterfly Bush (Chilean Orange Ball Tree) | Buddleja globosa | Eudicots Scrophulariaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Orange Fringed Orchid | Platanthera ciliaris | Monocots Orchidaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Tiger Lily | Lilium lancifolium | Monocots Liliaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Bird of Paradise
Chinese Trumpet Vine
Red Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Arrowroot | Canna indica | Monocots Cannaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Bat-Faced Cuphea | Cuphea llavea | Eudicots Lythraceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Bee Balm (Image: Antranias39) | Monarda didyma | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Perennial Fall/Summer |
Cardinal Flower | Lobelia cardinalis | Eudicots Campanulaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Coral Bean | Erythrina herbacea | Eudicots Fabaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Crimson Bottlebrush | Melaleuca citrina | Eudicots Myrtaceae Family | Evergreen Spring/Fall |
Crimson River Lily | Hesperantha coccinea | Monocots Iridaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Fire Pink (Scarlet Catchfly) | Silene virginica | Eudicots Caryophyllaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Poinsettia (Image: Stux39) | Euphorbia pulcherrima | Eudicots Euphorbiaceae Family | Semi-Evergreen Winter/Spring |
Scarlet Sage | Salvia splendens | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Spring – Fall |
Bee Balm
Poinsettia
Pink Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Cape Flower (Image: JoeKuis39) | Nerine bowdenii | Monocots Amaryllidaceae Family | Perennial Fall |
Cape Mallow | Anisodontea capensis | Eudicots Malvaceae Family | Annual/Perennial All year |
China Pinks | Dianthus chinensis | Eudicots Caryophyllaceae Family | Biennials Spring/Summer |
Coral Vine | Antigonon leptopus | Eudicots Polygonaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Desert Rose (Image: SandeepHanda39) | Adenium obesum | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Downy Phlox | Phlox pilosa | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Dragon’s Mouth Orchid | Arethusa bulbosa | Monocots Orchidaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Hardy Ice Plant | Delosperma cooperi | Eudicots Aizoaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Summer/Fall |
Sedum | Hylotelephium spectabile | Eudicots Crassulaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Weigela | Weigela florida | Eudicots Caprifoliaceae Family | Deciduous Late Spring |
Cape Flower
Desert Rose
Purple Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
African Violet | Streptocarpus ionathus | Eudicots Gesneriaceae Family | Perennial All year |
Amethyst Flower | Browallia speciosa | Eudicots Solanaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Spring – Fall |
Cardoon (Artichoke Thistle) (Image: WolfBlur39) | Cynara cardunculus | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Annual/Perennial Summer/Fall |
Common Hedgenettle | Betonica officinalis | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Corn Cockle | Agrostemma githago | Eudicots Caryophyllaceae Family | Annual Summer |
Lilac | Syringa vulgaris | Eudicots Oleaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Ornamental Onion | Allium aflatunense | Monocots Amaryllidaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Princess Flower | Tibouchina urvilleana | Eudicots Melastomataceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Purple Gerardia | Agalinis purpurea | Eudicots Orobanchaceae Family | Annual Fall |
Woodland Crocus (Image: Denise Davis36) | Crocus tommasinianus | Monocots Iridaceae Family | Perennial Winter/Spring |
Cardoon (Artichoke Thistle)
Woodland Crocus
Blue Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Alkanet | Anchusa azurea | Eudicots Boraginaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Blue Himalayan Poppy | Papaver betonicifolium | Eudicots Papaveraceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Bush Morning Glory (Image: Nennieinszweidrei39) | Convolvulus tricolor | Eudicots Convolvulaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Summer/Fall |
Chicory (Image: Manfredrichte40) | Cichorium intybus | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Biennial Summer/Fall |
Dayflower | Commelina communis | Monocots Commelinaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Downy Blue Star | Amsonia ciliata | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Globe Gilia | Gilia capitata | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Annual Spring/Summer |
Narrow-Leaf Blue-Eyed Grass | Sisyrinchium angustifolium | Monocots Iridaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Starflower | Borago officinalis | Eudicots Boraginaceae Family | Annual Summer/Fall |
Tweedia | Oxypetalum coeruleum | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Summer |
Bush Morning Glory
Chicory
Black Flowers | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Black Bat Flower (Image: Foto-Rabe40) | Tacca chantrieri | Monocots Dioscoreaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Black Calla Lily (Image: D1creations40) | Arum palaestinum | Monocots Araceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Chocolate Cosmos | Cosmos atrosanguineus | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Chocolate Tea Tree Orchid | Dendrobium johannis | Monocots Orchidaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Persian Lily | Fritillaria persica | Monocots Liliaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Western Coneflower | Rudbeckia occidentalis | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Note: The “black” flowers category includes flowers that have a dark brown or black tone.
Black Bat Flower
Black Calla Lily
5 Types of White Flowers
White flowers are favorites in U.S. culture and are commonly used to express friendship, purity, sympathy, respect, and hope. They have become staple flowers at weddings, baptisms, and funerals, all of which are significant life events. This section gives a more in-depth look at 5 types of white flowers (Image: Denise Davis36).
1. Easter Orchids
(Earina autumnalis)
- Type: Perennial epiphyte
- Angiosperm Group: Monocots
- Order: Asparagales
- Family: Orchidinaceae
- Genus: Earina
- Leaf: Dark green, drooping leaves
- Blossoms: Small, white, fragrant blooms
- Fruit: Minute seeds
- Height: 6 Inches
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 11
- Native Region: New Zealand
The orchid family, Orchidaceae, is the second largest family of vascular plants, with as many as 20,000 species.11
These herbaceous plants are known for their beautiful, unique flower shapes. They are popular greenhouse plants and frequently central to botanical garden exhibits.
Though most people would probably associate the orchid with a potted display, many orchid species are considered wildflowers. The Easter Orchid is one such example.
Grown only in temperate areas of New Zealand, Earina autumnalis is a small, epiphytic perennial. An epiphyte is a plant which grows upon another plant, such as the high branches of trees.11
It flowers in the autumn season in New Zealand and its small white flowers are aromatic, with a vanilla fragrance (Image: Jatiyoshapla40).13
2. Cape Jasmine Gardenia
(Gardenia jasminoides)
- Type: Broadleaf evergreen shrub
- Angiosperm Group: Eudicots
- Order: Gentianales
- Family: Rubiaceae
- Genus: Gardenia
- Leaf: 3 - 6 Inches, glossy, evergreen
- Blossoms: 1 - 3 Inches, white, fragrant flowers
- Fruit: <1 Inch, orange berry
- Height: 4 - 8 Feet
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 7 - 11
- Native Region: Southeast Asia
The Cape Jasmine gardenia is a flowering shrub with evergreen leaves, native to southeast Asia. It is known for its delicate and fragrant white blooms.
Its orange berry fruit is used to make yellow dyes and has also been used medicinally in Chinese culture. This perennial shrub can grow to be 8 ft. tall in favorable conditions, and it thrives in warm, temperate climates.
There are many varieties of Gardenia jasminoides (Image: Denise Davis36).
3. Garden Peony
(Paeonia lactiflora)
- Type: Perennial, herbaceous plant
- Angiosperm Group: Eudicots
- Order: Saxifragales
- Family: Paeoniaceae
- Genus: Paeonia
- Leaf: Large, glossy, compound leaves groups of 9
- Blossoms: 3 - 6 Inches, usually pink/white
- Fruit: Follicles
- Height: 2 - 3 Feet
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 3 - 8
- Native Region: Siberia, China
The common peony is an herbaceous perennial, meaning that the flower dies back in the winter and comes back the following year.
Paeonia lactiflora is a peony native to temperate areas of Siberia and China. It blooms in spring and is a garden favorite with the crimson burst at the center of its large white flowers (Image: Soyoung Han45).
4. White Mums
(Chrysanthemum indicum)
- Type: Perennial herbaceous plant
- Angiosperm Group: Eudicots
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Chrysanthemum
- Leaf: Green, lobed leaves
- Blossoms: White/Yellow, many-petaled, fall flowers
- Fruit: Small achenes
- Height: Up to 2 feet
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 5 - 9
- Native Region: East Asia
Chrysanthemums are members of the Asteraceae family, the largest of all vascular plant families. The chrysanthemum, or “mum,” is a favorite fall flower, and White Mums add a touch of brightness to fall hues of orange, yellow, and red.
Mum cultivars are often planted as an annual herbaceous plant, but are perennial in appropriate climates. This flower has many uses in food and medicine (Image: Denise Davis36).8
5. Snowdrop Anemone
(Anemonoides sylvestris)
- Type: Perennial, herbaceous plant
- Angiosperm Group: Eudicots
- Order: Ranunculales
- Family: Ranunculaceae
- Genus: Anemonoides
- Leaf: Green, deeply-lobed leaves
- Blossoms: 2 Inches, white, 5-petaled, fragrant blooms
- Fruit: Wooly seedheads
- Height: 1 - 1.5 Feet
- USDA Hardiness Zone: 4 - 8
- Native Region: Europe, Asia
The snowdrop anemone is a perennial member of the buttercup family which includes some 2,000 species.24 It blooms in late spring to early summer and can grow up to 18 inches high.
Interestingly, this flower actually has no petals. Instead, it sports 5 rounded petal-like sepals around the central yellow anthers.2
Identifying Types of Flowers by Zone
To identify types of flowers by regions, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) divides its land into 13 growing zones which span the continental U.S. and extra-continental states and territories. These zones comprise a wide range of temperatures, from the frigid cold of the subarctic region in Zone 1 (minimum temperatures as low as -60 ℉) to the tropical climates of Hawaii and Puerto Rico in Zones 11 – 13.
The USDA provides an interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map on their website which can be used to identify types of flowers by zone. The following table lists some of the plants which can be grown in each zone.
Zone 1a-1b (-60 to -50 °F): Central and Northern Alaska | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Eastern Columbine (Image: Fietzfotos40) | Aquilegia canadensis | Eudicots Ranunculaceae Family | Zone 1: Annual Zone 3+: Perennial Summer |
False Spirea | Sorbaria sorbifolia | Eudicots Rosaceae Family | Zone 1: Annual Zone 2+: Perennial Summer |
Philadelphia Fleabane | Erigeron acris | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Zone 1: Biennial Zone 2+: Biennial Summer |
Siberian Iris | Iris sibirica | Monocots Iridaceae Family | Zone 1: Annual Zone 3+: Perennial Summer |
Wild Geranium (Image: Eric_Bright40) | Geranium maculatum | Eudicots Geraniaceae Family | Zone 1: Annual Zone 3+: Perennial Summer |
Eastern Columbine
Wild Geranium
Zone 2a-2b (-50 to -40 °F): Central/Southern Alaska, Northern Minnesota | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Annual Phlox | Phlox drummondii | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Annual Spring/Summer |
Canadian Bunchberry | Cornus canadensis | Eudicots Cornaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Iceland Poppy (Image: Hans41) | Papaver nudicaule | Eudicots Papaveraceae Family | Annual Spring/Fall |
Plains Coreopsis (Image: JaStra41) | Coreopsis tinctoria | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Annual Spring – Fall |
Saskatoon Serviceberry | Amelanchier alnifolia | Eudicots Rosaceae Family | Deciduous Spring |
Iceland Poppy
Plains Coreopsis
Zone 3a-3b (-40 to -30 °F): Southwestern Alaska, North-Central U.S. (MT, ND, MN) | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Bloodroot (Image: YREA41) | Sanguinaria canadensis | Eudicots Papaveraceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Creeping Phlox (Image: RitaE41) | Phlox subulata | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Foxglove Beardtongue | Penstemon digitalis | Eudicots Plantaginaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Jacob’s Ladder | Polemonium reptans | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Purple Coneflower | Echinacea purpurea | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Bloodroot
Creeping Phlox
Zone 4a-4b (-30 to -20 °F): Pacific Border of Alaska, North-Central U.S. (MT, WY, ND, SD, MN, WI, MI), Northeast U.S. (Northern ME, VT, NY, NH) | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Dwarf Larkspur | Delphinium tricorne | Eudicots Ranunculaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Image: Kevindvt41) | Arisaema triphyllum | Monocots Araceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Mountain Hepatica | Hepatica acutiloba | Eudicots Ranunculaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Prairie Trillium (Image: Leoleobobeo41) | Trillium recurvatum | Monocots Melanthiaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Virginia Bluebells | Mertensia virginica | Eudicots Boraginaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Prairie Trillium
Zone 5a-5b (-20 to -10 °F): Extreme South of Alaska, Central U.S. (NE, IO, WI, MI, CO, ID, IN), Northeast U.S. (NY, ME, NH, VT, PA, MA) | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Anise Hyssop | Agastache foeniculum | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Appalachian Blue Monkshood | Aconitum uncinatum | Eudicots Ranunculaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Few-Flower Milkweed (Image: David Levinson46) | Asclepias lanceolata | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Indian Blanket Flower (Image: Poldy Chromos42) | Gaillardia pulchella | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Annual/Perennial Spring – Fall |
Tennessee Coneflower | Echinacea tennesseensis | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Few-Flower Milkweed
Indian Blanket Flower
Zone 6a-6b (-10 to -0 °F): Gulf Coast of Alaska, Midwest (WA, OR, NV, UT, NM), South Central U.S. (KS, OK, MI, KY, OH, VA, WV, PA, NJ, CT, RI, MA) | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Bracted Viburnum | Viburnum bracteatum | Eudicots Adoxaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Dwarf Blazing Star | Liatris microcephala | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Oakleaf Hydrangea | Hydrangea quercifolia | Eudicots Hydrangeaceae Family | Deciduous Spring/Summer |
Pineland Phlox (Image: Юлианна Осипова46) | Phlox nivalis | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Red Milkweed (Image: La55i3Girl42) | Asclepias rubra | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Pineland Phlox
Red Milkweed
Zone 7a-7b (0 to 10 °F): Western U.S. (NV, UT, NM), Southern U.S. (northern TX, OK, AK, TN), Central Atlantic Coast | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Dixie Iris | Iris hexagona | Monocots Iridaceae Family | Perennial Spring |
Ironweed | Vernonanthura nudiflora | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Little Leaf Sage (Image: Nennieinszweidrei42) | Salvia microphylla | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Scarlet Rose Mallow (Image: Jlewoldsen42) | Hibiscus coccineus | Eudicots Malvaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Sickle Tickseed | Coreopsis gladiata | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Little Leaf Sage
Scarlet Rose Mallow
Zone 8a-8b (10 to 20 °F): Western U.S. Border (WA, OR), Southern U.S. (AZ, mid-TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, SC, NC) | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Florida Azalea | Rhododendron austrinum | Eudicots Ericaceae Family | Deciduous Spring |
Heart-leaf Hibiscus | Hibiscus martianus | Eudicots Malvaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Lanceleaf Blanket Flower | Gaillardia aestivalis | Eudicots Asteraceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
Tropical Milkweed (Image: Kimmichele42) | Asclepias curassavica | Eudicots Apocynaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Velvet Sage (Image: Ashley Hunt45) | Salvia leucantha | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Tropical Milkweed
Velvet Sage
Zone 9a-9b (20 to 30 °F): Western U.S. Border (WA, OR), Southern U.S. (AZ, mid-TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, SC, NC) | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Cup-and-Saucer Vine (Image: Zoosnow42) | Cobaea scandens | Eudicots Polemoniaceae Family | Annual Summer/Fall |
Hawaiian White Hibiscus | Hibiscus arnottianus | Eudicots Malvaceae Family | Perennial All year |
Louisiana Canna | Canna glauca | Monocots Cannaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
Pride of Barbados (Image: Sujitha43) | Caesalpinia pulcherrima | Eudicots Fabaceae Family | Perennial Summer |
Spotted Beebalm | Monarda fruticulosa | Eudicots Lamiaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Cup-and-Saucer Vine
Pride of Barbados
Zone 10a-10b (30 to 40 °F): Southern California, Southern Texas, Southern FL | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Chenille Plant | Acalypha poiretii | Eudicots Euphorbiaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Summer |
Lily of the Valley Orchid | Cuitlauzina pulchella | Monocots Orchidaceae Family | Perennial Fall/Winter |
Naupaka | Scaevola sericea | Eudicots Goodeniaceae Family | Perennial All year |
Walking Iris (Image: U_c39lmshkqn43) | Trimezia | Monocots Iridaceae Family | Perennial Spring – Fall |
White Mexican Rose (Image: Fragiskos43) | Echeveria elegans | Eudicots Crassulaceae Family | Perennial Winter/Spring |
Walking Iris
White Mexican Rose
Zone 11a-11b (40 to 50 °F): Hawaii | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Ghost Orchid | Dendrophylax lindenii | Monocots Orchidaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Hawaiian Lily | Dianella sandwicensis | Monocots Asphodelaceae Family | Perennial All year |
Queen of the Night (Image: Ignartonosbg43) | Epiphyllum oxypetalum | Eudicots Cactaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Spanish Dagger | Yucca gloriosa | Monocots Asparagaceae Family | Evergreen Spring – Fall |
Three-Leaved Lantana (Image: Engin Akyurt46) | Lantana trifolia | Eudicots Verbenaceae Family | Annual/Perennial Spring – Fall |
Queen of the Night
Three-Leaved Lantana
Zone 12a-12b (50 to 60 °F): Hawaii | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Geranium Aralia | Polyscias guilfoylei | Eudicots Araliaceae Family | Perennial Rarely bloom |
Iron Cross Begonia | Begonia masoniana | Eudicots Begoniaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Moonflower (Image: GSG_0343) | Ipomoea alba | Eudicots Convolvulaceae Family | Annual Summer/Fall |
Trailing Watermelon Begonia | Procris repens | Eudicots Urticaceae Family | Perennial Summer/Fall |
True Cinnamon Tree (Image: Koma Tang46) | Cinnamomum verum | Magnoliids Lauraceae Family | Evergreen Winter |
Moonflower
True Cinnamon Tree
Zone 13a-13b (60 to 70 °F): Coastal Borders of Hawaii and Puerto Rico | |||
Flower Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Life Cycle |
Avocado Tree | Persea americana | Magnoliids Lauraceae Family | Evergreen Early Spring |
Beehive Ginger | Zingiber spectabile | Monocots Zingiberaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Fall |
Lobster Claw (Image: Dekanda43) | Heliconia rostrata | Monocots Heliconiaceae Family | Perennial Spring/Summer |
Maga Tree | Thespesia grandiflora | Eudicots Malvaceae Family | Evergreen All year |
Mamey Sapote | Pouteria sapota | Eudicots Sapotaceae Family | Evergreen |
Avocado Tree
Lobster Claw
Note:
*Colors indicate the U.S. National Arboretum Plant Hardiness Zones.
**Plants listed in Zone 1 are not likely to be hardy to -60 temps, but can be grown annually in the summer.
How Many Types of Flowers Are There in the Desert?
Desert life is often perceived as sparse, even barren. While this may be the case much of the time, there are certain types of plants which can thrive in arid, desert environments.
Plants such as cacti and varieties of succulent which generally require very little water and are resistant to extreme heat are most commonly seen in the desert. The Arizona native, Saguaro (see National Park Service), is a giant cactus species which varies greatly from the neighboring, tiny Desert Star flower.4
However, there are also phenomena known as desert blooms where a desert landscape may burst into life after extremely high levels of seasonal rainfall reach deep-buried, dormant seeds. Due to the rarity of these events, it is difficult to precisely answer the question “How many types of flowers are there in the desert?”
One notable example of the desert bloom phenomenon, the Chilean flowering desert, is home to more than 200 flowering plant species!9
Scientists, explorers, scholars, and lovers of nature throughout history have sought to discover and classify the many varieties of flowering plants.
They have discovered that flowering plants – Angiosperms – are by far the dominant plant group on the earth with astounding diversity. However, the advent of DNA sequencing has changed how many species are grouped and how flower relatedness is measured.
With more plant DNA sequenced daily and 2,000 new plant species discovered yearly, it may be some time yet before the world will truly know the answer to “How many types of flowers are there?”
Frequently Asked Questions About How Many Types of Flowers Are There
What Are the Most Common Types of Flowers?
Sometimes, the most common types of flowers are those that leave the greatest impression and hold sentimental value.7 Among the most common flowers in the United States are the rose, sunflower, hydrangea, lavender, peony, daisy, orchid, tulip, lily, chrysanthemum, dahlia, daffodil, iris, periwinkle, and azalea.21
How Many Types of Lilies Flowers Are There?
The Lily family is vastly popular and widespread, with varieties growing across the world, and many types of lilies flowers to choose from. It is thought that there are approximately 111 species of “true” lilies.5,25
What Are the Most Popular Types of White Flowers?
There are many types of flowers which produce white blooms, there are several varieties which are particularly memorable. The most popular types of white flowers include roses, calla lilies, daisies, daffodils, orchids, and hibiscus, to name just a few.32
References
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7Carson, R. (2021, May 31). 100 Most Common Types of Flowers (Gardener’s Guide). The Florist Guide. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://thefloristguide.com/most-common-types-of-flowers/>
8Fern, K. (2022, July 20). Chrysanthemum indicum. Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Chrysanthemum+indicum>
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10All My Favourite Flower Names. (2013). All Types Of Flowers Can Be Placed Into Two Main Groups: Monocots or Dicots. All My Favourite Flower Names. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.all-my-favourite-flower-names.com/types-of-flowers.html>
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13New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. (2023). Earina autumnalis. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/earina-autumnalis/>
14Gaudio, A. (2020, August 1). Renaissance Era: A Resource Guide. Library of Congress Research Guides. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://guides.loc.gov/renaissance-era-resources>
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16Govaerts, R. H. (2019, June 10). Modern extinction – my journey with the plants we have lost forever. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/modern-extinction-my-journey>
17Horton, D. (2022, July 19). Herbaria & Herbarium Specimens. Florida Museum. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herbarium/methods/herbaria/>
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19Keogh, L. (2017, May 17). The Wardian Case: How a Simple Box Moved the Plant Kingdom. Arnold Arboretum. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/the-wardian-case-how-a-simple-box-moved-the-plant-kingdom/>
20Kuchta, D. M. (2022, January 30). 10 Historic Plants and Why They Went Extinct. Treehugger. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.treehugger.com/extinct-plants-5215777>
21Maffia, N. (2021, April 29). 60 Types of Flowers Common in the U.S. 1-800-Flowers.com | Petal Talk. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.1800flowers.com/blog/flower-facts/flower-types/>
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26Pimm, S. L., & Joppa, L. N. (2015). How Many Plant Species are There, Where are They, and at What Rate are They Going Extinct? (Issue 100) [Print]. 10.3417/2012018.
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29Renault, M. (2020, October 19). How Many Plants Have We Wiped Out? Here Are 5 Extinction Stories. The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/science/plants-extinction-north-america.html>
30Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (2023). The State of the World’s Plants report 2017. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.kew.org/about-us/press-media/state-of-the-worlds-plants-2017>
31Thiers, B. M. (2020, December 8). Herbarium: The Quest to Preserve and Classify the World’s Plants [Print]. Timber Press.
32flowerAura. (2022). Top 20 Most Beautiful White Flowers in the World. Floweraura. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://www.floweraura.com/blog/top-20-most-beautiful-white-flowers-world>
33Williams, J. (2019, November 22). Types of Endangered Rainforest Plants. Sciencing. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from <https://sciencing.com/types-endangered-rainforest-plants-4964172.html>
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36Easter Orchid, Cape Jasmine Gardenia, Peony ‘Festiva Maxima’ cultivar, White Mum, White Mum and more flower Images Provided by Denise Davis.
37Fern Leaves by Nickype, Dried Roses by Riza_Ya, Water Lilies by Kimdaejung, Pink Tulip Magnolia by Kapa65, Bluebells by LoggaWiggler, Chinese Hibiscus by Hans. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
38Ornithogalum Montanum by 2017343, Lily of the Valley by Ganossi, Queen Anne’s Lace by Anandasandra, Scotch Broom by Armennano, Sunflower by Congerdesign, Chinese Trumpet Vine by Hans. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
39Bee Balm by Antranias, Poinsettia by Stux, Cape Flower by JoeKuis, Desert Rose by SandeepHanda, Cardoon by WolfBlur, Bush Morning Glory by Nennieinszweidrei. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
40Chicory by Manfredrichte, Black Bat Flower by Foto-Rabe, Black Calla Lily by D1creations, Cape Jasmine Gardenia by Jatiyoshapla, Eastern Columbine by Fietzfotos, Wild Geranium by Eric_Bright. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
41Iceland Poppy by Hans, Plains Coreopsis by JaStra, Bloodroot by YREA, Creeping Phlox by RitaE, Jack in the Pulpit by Kevindvt, Prairie Trillium by Leoleobobeo. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
42Indian Blanket Flower by Poldy Chromos, Red Milkweed by La55i3Girl, Little Leaf Sage by Nennieinszweidrei, Scarlet Rose Mallow by Jlewoldsen, Tropical Milkweed by Kimmichele, Cup and Saucer Vine by Zoosnow. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
43Pride of Barbados by Sujitha, Walking Iris by U_c39lmshkqn, White Mexican Rose by Fragiskos, Queen of the Night by Ignartonosbg, Moonflower by GSG_03, Lobster Claw by Dekanda. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/>
44Aiamkay. Pixabay. Retrieved from <https://pixabay.com/photos/cactus-flowers-nature-botanical-5127539/>
45White Mums by Soyoung Han, Velvet Sage by Ashley Hunt. Retrieved from <https://unsplash.com/>
46Few-Flower Milkweed by David Levinson, Pineland Phlox by Юлианна Осипова, Three-Leaved Lantana by Engin Akyurt, True Cinnamon Tree by Koma Tang. Retrieved from <https://www.pexels.com/>
47Photo by CaptainNarco. Cropped, Resized, Changed Format. Pixabay. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from <https://pixabay.com/photos/microscope-cell-structure-science-497570/>