These days, there is an online calculator for just about every human activity, with the CO2 emissions per kWh calculator options being some of the most popular.
The electricity used to power homes, operations and vehicles is not emissions free. That includes green energy solutions like solar, wind and hydropower.
Online calculators, including the various CO2 emissions per kWh calculator versions, are instrumental in determining the real impact these activities have on the environment.
In fact, you can use it to measure all sorts of carbon footprints.
How Much CO2 Do Humans Produce?
The most common question relating to online calculators is, how much CO2 do humans produce?
(Image: Our World in Data based on BP & Shift Data Portal13)
It is estimated that humans release on average up to 100 times the amount of CO2 emissions that global volcanoes do. This means that humans and human activities are the largest sources of CO2 emissions on Earth.
Research revealed that around 1.85 billion gigatons of CO2 exist globally and that 99.8% of all this carbon is either dissolved in the Earth’s upper mantle or becomes trapped inside minerals.
Around 90% of carbon on the planet’s surface is trapped in limestone, marine sediments, or finally dissolved in the deepest parts of the ocean.
The Earth’s atmosphere contains around 1.4% of all carbon on the Earth’s surface, which totals around 780 gigatons, and presents mainly in the form of CO2.
Volcanoes emit around 360 million tons of CO2 every year and are the largest natural source of carbon emissions above ground. While oceans around the world can absorb an amount of CO2, and sediments can trap CO2, human activity (burning of fossil fuels) is releasing CO2 at a rate ten times faster than these natural processes are trapping and absorbing CO2.
Use #1: Measure the Emissions Generated by Electricity at Home
In 2018, human activities added around 37 gigatons of CO2 globally, while the CO2 level in the atmosphere is still rising from a dizzying figure of 400 parts per million.1
Read More About: How Many Trees to Offset 1 Ton of CO2 (& Why It Doesn’t Matter)
The below table details the sharp rise in CO2 emissions between the mid-19th century (1850) and 2021.
| Country | CO2 Emissions in Mid-19th Century (With Exceptions) | CO2 Emissions in 2021 |
| Afghanistan | 1949 14,656.00 t | 11,874,211.00 t |
| Africa | 0.00 t | 1,450,796,300.00 t |
| Africa (GCP) | 0.00 t | 1,450,782,500.00 t |
| Albania | 1933 7,328.00 t | 4,619,109.00 t |
| Algeria | 1916 3,664.00 t | 176,269,070.00 t |
| Andorra | 0.00 t | 452,888.00 t |
| Angola | 1950 186,864.00 t | 21,362,716.00 t |
| Anguilla | 1990 51,296.00 t | 144,744.00 t |
| Antarctica | 1987 3,664.00 t | 2007 10,992.00 t |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1957 21,984.00 t | 468,695.00 t |
| Argentina | 1887 1,084,544.00 t | 186,448,290.00 t |
| Armenia | 251.00 t | 6,806,045.00 t |
| Aruba | 1926 33,394.00 t | 858,126.00 t |
| Asia | 14,707.00 t | 21,688,988,000.00 t |
| Asia (GCP) | 14,706.80 t | 18,970,907,000.00 t |
| Asia (excl. China and India) | 14,707.00 t | 7,506,934,300.00 t |
| Australia | 0.00 t | 391,187,420.00 t |
| Austria | 2,326,640.00 t | 64,625,588.00 t |
| Azerbaijan | 1,512.00 t | 38,492,804.00 t |
| Bahamas | 1950 54,960.00 t | 2,386,463.00 t |
| Bahrain | 1933 10,992.00 t | 39,016,090.00 t |
| Bangladesh | 1946 117,474.00 t | 93,175,944.00 t |
| Barbados | 1928 3,664.00 t | 1,125,301.00 t |
| Belarus | 3,165.00 t | 59,602,456.00 t |
| Belgium | 9,332,208.00 t | 95,722,280.00 t |
| Belize | 1950 18,320.00 t | 689,321.00 t |
| Benin | 1958 124,576.00 t | 7,755,815.00 t |
| Bermuda | 1950 43,968.00 t | 547,960.00 t |
| Bhutan | 1970 3,664.00 t | 1,522,086.00 t |
| Bolivia | 1928 3,664.00 t | 23,321,668.00 t |
| Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba | 1926 7,195.00 t | 103,389.00 t |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1885 4,408.00 t | 13,566,311.00 t |
| Botswana | 1972 21,984.00 t | 6,499,919.00 t |
| Brazil | 1901 2,103,136.00 t | 488,881,100.00 t |
| British Virgin Islands | 1962 3,664.00 t | 158,529.00 t |
| Brunei | 0.00 t | 10,480,519.00 t |
| Bulgaria | 1881 3,664.00 t | 42,560,212.00 t |
| Burkina Faso | 1958 3,664.00 t | 5,698,262.00 t |
| Burundi | 1950 8,794.00 t | 692,908.00 t |
| Cambodia | 0.00 t | 19,028,598.00 t |
| Cameroon | 1950 139,232.00 t | 9,297,284.00 t |
| Canada | 58,624.00 t | 545,634,500.00 t |
| Cape Verde | 1950 102,592.00 t | 667,694.00 t |
| Central African Republic | 1959 98,928.00 t | 227,296.00 t |
| Central America (GCP) | 0.00 t | 177,165,500.00 t |
| Chad | 1959 62,288.00 t | 1,939,918.00 t |
| Chile | 1895 523,952.00 t | 85,446,920.00 t |
| China | 1899 0.00 t | 11,472,369,000.00 t |
| Christmas Island | 1970 69,616.00 t | 1983 80,608.00 t |
| Colombia | 1921 29,312.00 t | 91,703,380.00 t |
| Comoros | 1959 10,992.00 t | 298,171.00 t |
| Congo | 1959 186,864.00 t | 7,464,369.00 t |
| Cook Islands | 1969 10,992.00 t | 91,403.00 t |
| Costa Rica | 1950 285,792.00 t | 7,819,507.00 t |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 0.00 t | 11,706,642.00 t |
| Croatia | 1885 4,792.00 t | 17,701,450.00 t |
| Cuba | 1941 76,320.00 t | 22,057,330.00 t |
| Curacao | 1926 498,337.00 t | 1,843,765.00 t |
| Cyprus | 1950 267,472.00 t | 7,600,422.00 t |
| Czechia | 1860 202,386.00 t | 97,138,330.00 t |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 1920 3,664.00 t | 2,606,688.00 t |
| Denmark | 340,752.00 t | 29,576,956.00 t |
| Djibouti | 1950 10,992.00 t | 379,178.00 t |
| Dominica | 1951 3,664.00 t | 158,529.00 t |
| Dominican Republic | 1947 7,269.00 t | 28,922,094.00 t |
| Ecuador | 1917 25,648.00 t | 41,321,736.00 t |
| Egypt | 1911 10,992.00 t | 249,624,140.00 t |
| El Salvador | 1950 267,472.00 t | 7,204,384.00 t |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1950 10,992.00 t | 5,224,788.00 t |
| Eritrea | 1939 14,537.00 t | 820,601.00 t |
| Estonia | 1,144.00 t | 10,449,021.00 t |
| Eswatini | 1950 3,664.00 t | 1,087,219.00 t |
| Ethiopia | 1941 10,903.00 t | 17,792,552.00 t |
| Europe | 177,029,780.00 t | 5,306,227,700.00 t |
| Europe (GCP) | 177,029,780.00 t | 5,306,227,700.00 t |
| Europe (excl. EU-27) | 122,839,790.00 t | 2,513,211,400.00 t |
| Europe (excl. EU-28) | 235,025.00 t | 2,166,438,100.00 t |
| European Union (27) | 54,189,980.00 t | 2,793,016,300.00 t |
| European Union (27) (GCP) | 54,189,980.00 t | 2,793,016,600.00 t |
| European Union (28) | 176,794,750.00 t | 3,139,789,600.00 t |
| Faroe Islands | 1950 40,304.00 t | 698,346.00 t |
| Fiji | 1950 120,912.00 t | 1,470,402.00 t |
| Finland | 1860 36,640.00 t | 37,602,330.00 t |
| France | 19,617,056.00 t | 305,963,700.00 t |
| French Equatorial Africa (GCP) | 1950 175,872.00 t | 1958 428,688.00 t |
| French Guiana | 0.00 t | 651,382.00 t |
| French Polynesia | 1955 43,968.00 t | 949,800.00 t |
| French West Africa (GCP) | 1949 21,806.00 t | 1957 1,402,688.00 t |
| Gabon | 1959 21,984.00 t | 5,712,477.00 t |
| Gambia | 1950 14,656.00 t | 655,699.00 t |
| Georgia | 466.00 t | 11,009,796.00 t |
| Germany | 15,139,648.00 t | 674,753,540.00 t |
| Ghana | 1950 637,536.00 t | 21,312,802.00 t |
| Greece | 1867 168,544.00 t | 56,309,280.00 t |
| Greenland | 1950 98,928.00 t | 510,658.97 t |
| Grenada | 1950 7,328.00 t | 319,210.00 t |
| Guadeloupe | 0.00 t | 2,291,068.00 t |
| Guatemala | 1941 10,903.00 t | 20,327,104.00 t |
| Guinea | 0.00 t | 4,841,779.00 t |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1950 7,328.00 t | 351,839.00 t |
| Guyana | 1950 260,144.00 t | 3,087,826.00 t |
| Haiti | 1950 113,584.00 t | 2,875,923.00 t |
| High-income countries | 196,785,540.00 t | 12,516,404,000.00 t |
| Honduras | 1950 300,448.00 t | 10,897,812.00 t |
| Hong Kong | 1938 54,514.00 t | 31,664,380.00 t |
| Hungary | 1851 274,800.00 t | 48,454,620.00 t |
| Iceland | 0.00 t | 3,374,964.00 t |
| India | 394,488.00 t | 2,709,683,700.00 t |
| Indonesia | 1858 1889 3,664.00 t | 619,277,500.00 t |
| International transport | 1950 128,393,890.00 t | 1,021,749,200.00 t |
| Iran | 1906 3,664.00 t | 748,878,700.00 t |
| Iraq | 1927 139,232.00 t | 185,580,690.00 t |
| Ireland | 395,712.00 t | 37,540,330.00 t |
| Israel | 1930 39,977.00 t | 54,528,532.00 t |
| Italy | 1860 29,312.00 t | 328,687,330.00 t |
| Jamaica | 1950 271,136.00 t | 7,689,743.00 t |
| Japan | 1868 10,992.00 t | 1,067,398,460.00 t |
| Jordan | 1950 172,208.00 t | 25,593,718.00 t |
| Kazakhstan | 7,535.00 t | 276,683,460.00 t |
| Kenya | 1950 908,672.00 t | 19,875,402.00 t |
| Kiribati | 1961 7,328.00 t | 71,533.00 t |
| Kosovo | 2008 7,386,624.00 t | 5,644,358.00 t |
| Kuwait | 1946 2,454,880.00 t | 106,134,264.00 t |
| Kuwaiti Oil Fires (GCP) | 1991 477,924,830.00 t | 1991 477,924,830.00 t |
| Kyrgyzstan | 647.00 t | 9,308,101.00 t |
| Laos | 1955 25,648.00 t | 20,777,500.00 t |
| Latvia | 758.00 t | 7,266,214.00 t |
| Lebanon | 1931 3,634.00 t | 24,958,900.00 t |
| Leeward Islands (GCP) | 1950 18,320.00 t | 1956 32,976.00 t |
| Lesotho | 1990 1,472,928.00 t | 2,282,165.00 t |
| Liberia | 1950 47,632.00 t | 1,195,260.00 t |
| Libya | 1950 142,896.00 t | 74,525,080.00 t |
| Liechtenstein | 1990 198,971.00 t | 150,950.00 t |
| Lithuania | 1,182.00 t | 13,880,837.00 t |
| Low-income countries | 0.00 t | 198,782,960.00 t |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 26,006.00 t | 6,258,658,000.00 t |
| Luxembourg | 1945 25,440.00 t | 8,354,555.00 t |
| Macao | 1954 21,984.00 t | 1,286,771.00 t |
| Madagascar | 1933 3,634.00 t | 4,244,355.00 t |
| Malawi | 1950 234,550.00 t | 1,552,193.00 t |
| Malaysia | 1890 7,328.00 t | 256,048,940.00 t |
| Maldives | 1971 3,664.00 t | 2,118,174.00 t |
| Mali | 1959 47,632.00 t | 4,169,757.80 t |
| Malta | 1950 245,488.00 t | 1,724,154.00 t |
| Marshall Islands | 1992 76,944.00 t | 158,962.00 t |
| Martinique | 0.00 t | 2,100,146.00 t |
| Mauritania | 0.00 t | 4,118,111.20 t |
| Mauritius | 1950 201,520.00 t | 4,471,674.00 t |
| Mayotte | 0.00 t | 273,281.00 t |
| Mexico | 1891 520,288.00 t | 407,205,060.00 t |
| Micronesia (country) | 1992 135,568.00 t | 158,962.00 t |
| Middle East (GCP) | 0.00 t | 2,726,589,700.00 t |
| Moldova | 1,169.00 t | 5,601,510.00 t |
| Mongolia | 1950 285,792.00 t | 50,315,916.00 t |
| Montenegro | 1885 435.00 t | 1,751,386.00 t |
| Montserrat | 1962 3,664.00 t | 20,678.00 t |
| Morocco | 1928 29,074.00 t | 70,577,660.00 t |
| Mozambique | 1927 43,968.00 t | 7,156,209.00 t |
| Myanmar | 1928 3,158,368.00 t | 36,306,760.00 t |
| Namibia | 1990 0.00 t | 4,014,822.00 t |
| Nauru | 1964 29,312.00 t | 59,611.00 t |
| Nepal | 1950 25,648.00 t | 14,173,067.00 t |
| Netherlands | 3,136,384.00 t | 141,045,420.00 t |
| New Caledonia | 1950 219,840.00 t | 5,496,273.00 t |
| New Zealand | 1878 355,408.00 t | 33,789,824.00 t |
| Nicaragua | 1943 7,269.00 t | 5,059,770.00 t |
| Niger | 1958 25,648.00 t | 2,698,898.00 t |
| Nigeria | 1915 18,320.00 t | 136,986,780.00 t |
| Niue | 1970 3,664.00 t | 11,922.00 t |
| Non-OECD (GCP) | 112,439.78 t | 24,398,340,000.00 t |
| North America | 19,851,552.00 t | 6,137,900,000.00 t |
| North America (GCP) | 19,851,552.00 t | 5,960,748,000.00 t |
| North America (excl. USA) | 58,624.00 t | 1,130,564,000.00 t |
| North Korea | 1905 13,885.00 t | 56,380,104.00 t |
| North Macedonia | 1885 3,222.00 t | 6,851,552.00 t |
| Norway | 139,232.00 t | 40,918,550.00 t |
| OECD (GCP) | 196,783,600.00 t | 11,703,761,000.00 t |
| Oceania | 0.00 t | 443,191,600.00 t |
| Oceania (GCP) | 0.00 t | 434,682,050.00 t |
| Oman | 1964 10,992.00 t | 80,991,180.00 t |
| Pakistan | 1946 633,646.00 t | 229,512,380.00 t |
| Palau | 1955 10,992.00 t | 238,444.00 t |
| Palestine | 1990 861,040.00 t | 3,092,231.00 t |
| Panama | 1948 21,806.00 t | 13,031,620.00 t |
| Panama Canal Zone (GCP) | 1950 194,192.00 t | 1979 1,025,920.06 t |
| Papua New Guinea | 0.00 t | 8,509,555.00 t |
| Paraguay | 1950 62,288.00 t | 8,576,565.00 t |
| Peru | 1884 3,664.00 t | 56,282,000.00 t |
| Philippines | 1907 7,328.00 t | 144,263,870.00 t |
| Poland | 3,202,336.00 t | 328,579,780.00 t |
| Portugal | 1870 21,984.00 t | 40,797,216.00 t |
| Puerto Rico | 1920 208,848.00 t | 1920 208,848.00 t |
| Qatar | 1949 260,144.00 t | 95,667,180.00 t |
| Reunion | 0.00 t | 4,102,958.20 t |
| Romania | 1858 3,664.00 t | 79,326,856.00 t |
| Russia | 69,434.00 t | 1,755,547,400.00 t |
| Rwanda | 1950 16,854.00 t | 1,754,532.00 t |
| Ryukyu Islands (GCP) | 1952 21,984.00 t | 1972 9,005,072.00 t |
| Saint Helena | 1968 3,664.00 t | 13,785.00 t |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1981 54,960.00 t | 237,794.00 t |
| Saint Lucia | 1950 3,664.00 t | 485,927.00 t |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 1950 14,656.00 t | 62,033.00 t |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1950 3,664.00 t | 213,670.00 t |
| Samoa | 1950 3,664.00 t | 294,080.00 t |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 1951 3,664.00 t | 131,978.00 t |
| Saudi Arabia | 1936 7,328.00 t | 672,379,900.00 t |
| Senegal | 1958 354,814.00 t | 13,597,910.00 t |
| Serbia | 1885 12,803.00 t | 30,868,986.00 t |
| Seychelles | 1963 7,328.00 t | 568,279.00 t |
| Sierra Leone | 0.00 t | 1,299,404.00 t |
| Singapore | 0.00 t | 32,506,890.00 t |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | 1926 59,438.00 t | 647,902.00 t |
| Slovakia | 1860 65,086.00 t | 35,308,216.00 t |
| Slovenia | 1885 3,652.00 t | 12,549,330.00 t |
| Solomon Islands | 1952 3,664.00 t | 317,925.00 t |
| Somalia | 1950 47,632.00 t | 610,374.00 t |
| South Africa | 1884 21,984.00 t | 435,928,900.00 t |
| South America | 0.00 t | 1,074,998,500.00 t |
| South America (GCP) | 0.00 t | 1,074,998,500.00 t |
| South Korea | 1905 771.00 t | 616,075,000.00 t |
| South Sudan | 1950 45,768.00 t | 1,582,060.00 t |
| Spain | 494,640.00 t | 233,649,540.00 t |
| Sri Lanka | 1950 1,626,816.00 t | 20,780,910.00 t |
| St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla (GCP) | 1957 10,992.00 t | 1980 51,296.00 t |
| Sudan | 1950 503,831.97 t | 21,038,216.00 t |
| Suriname | 1950 212,512.00 t | 2,793,206.00 t |
| Sweden | 201,520.00 t | 35,848,948.00 t |
| Switzerland | 1858 146,560.00 t | 34,931,692.00 t |
| Syria | 1931 3,634.00 t | 27,000,770.00 t |
| Taiwan | 1896 3,664.00 t | 282,856,060.00 t |
| Tajikistan | 371.00 t | 10,336,408.00 t |
| Tanzania | 1950 498,304.00 t | 13,058,865.00 t |
| Thailand | 1931 29,074.00 t | 278,495,700.00 t |
| Timor | 2002 161,216.00 t | 736,328.00 t |
| Togo | 1950 25,648.00 t | 2,342,020.00 t |
| Tonga | 1950 7,328.00 t | 174,859.00 t |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1909 25,648.00 t | 36,124,040.00 t |
| Tunisia | 1916 10,992.00 t | 31,582,746.00 t |
| Turkey | 1865 150,224.00 t | 446,204,200.00 t |
| Turkmenistan | 962.00 t | 83,006,810.00 t |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 1990 62,288.00 t | 341,183.00 t |
| Tuvalu | 0.00 t | 7,948.00 t |
| Uganda | 1950 106,256.00 t | 5,780,464.00 t |
| Ukraine | 22,025.00 t | 201,857,710.00 t |
| United Arab Emirates | 1959 10,992.00 t | 204,086,660.00 t |
| United Kingdom | 122,604,770.00 t | 346,773,200.00 t |
| United States | 19,792,928.00 t | 5,007,336,000.00 t |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 84,494.00 t | 17,038,822,000.00 t |
| Uruguay | 1932 76,320.00 t | 6,737,872.00 t |
| Uzbekistan | 2,963.00 t | 121,631,480.00 t |
| Vanuatu | 1962 40,304.00 t | 174,859.00 t |
| Venezuela | 1904 3,664.00 t | 79,746,600.00 t |
| Vietnam | 1892 212,512.00 t | 326,013,660.00 t |
| Wallis and Futuna | 1990 18,320.00 t | 27,818.00 t |
| World | 196,896,030.00 t | 37,123,850,000.00 t |
| Yemen | 1950 58,624.00 t | 12,476,597.00 t |
| Zambia | 1950 2,330,187.00 t | 7,676,180.00 t |
| Zimbabwe | 1903 113,584.00 t | 11,296,114.00 t2 |
The above chart indicates the share of CO2 emissions on a global scale (per annum).
Use #2. Improve Accuracy of Individual Carbon Footprint Calculator
While carbon footprint calculators are often used on a global scale to determine CO2 emissions for countries and large business sectors, an individual carbon footprint calculator goes a long way in determining individual carbon footprints.
An individual carbon footprint calculator can be used for an individual’s carbon footprint, a household’s carbon footprint, a single event, or a single trip.
Individual carbon footprint calculator inputs:
- Number of individuals residing in house or apartment
- Type of house, apartment, or mobile home
- Size of house, apartment, or mobile home
- Clean energy purchases
- Recycling efforts
- Diet
- Energy saving efforts3
CO2 Emissions per kWh Calculator
The CO2 emissions per kWh calculator can be used in conjunction with an individual carbon footprint calculator, to determine carbon emissions from electricity usage.
This type of emission is also referred to as a Scope 2 emission.
Use #3. Measure CO2 Emissions From Electricity Generation
CO2 emissions from electricity generation account for up to 40% of energy-related CO2 emissions, because of the burning of fossil fuels.
Energy-related GHG emissions make up the vast majority of anthropogenic emissions in the US and EU (80%).
What Is Needed To Calculate Electricity Emissions?
The next question is, what is needed to calculate electricity emissions? Electricity usage is reported in kWh, and the usage is usually derived from monthly electricity bills.
Before electricity emissions can be calculated, it must be determined whether electricity is purchased directly or via a building manager.
All spaces must be included in the calculations, whether for home or business calculations, including all offices, warehouses, storerooms, parking areas, and more.
How To Automatically Calculate CO2 Emissions From Your Electricity Consumption
An important factor in these calculations is learning how to automatically calculate CO2 emissions from your electricity consumption.
The steps are as follows:
- Collect all monthly energy bills, and find the usage in kWh. If the usage in kWh is not available, the emissions can still be estimated based on location, facility, and square footage.
- Enter data into the electricity emissions calculator:
- Facility type
- Estimated size
- Zip Code
- Total electricity use per month (facility) in kWh
- Renewable energy per month (minus offsets) in kWh
- The carbon footprint is then calculated in metric tons of CO2e (MtCO2e).4
CO2 Equivalent Conversion Factors
The most commonly used CO2 equivalent conversion factors and units for the measurement of GHG emissions are explained by the EPA.5
More common conversions include:
- 1 renewable energy certificate = 1 MWh = 1,000 kWh
- 1 kWh = 3.413 BTUs
- 1 Mt = 2,204.6 pounds
- 1 pound = 0.00045 Mt
- 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds
- 1 short ton = 0.90719 Mt
- 1 therm = 96.5 cubic feet
- 1 CCF = 100 cubic feet (abbreviation)
- 1 CCF = 1.037 therms
Use #4. Finding kWh to CO2 Emissions
When measuring kWh to CO2 emissions, calculation methods are as follows:
- Electricity: Emissions are calculated according to the EPA’s eGRID emissions factors, and using the American average electricity source emissions which are as follows:
0.371 kilograms of CO2 emissions per kWh). - Heating Oil: 10.16 Kilograms of carbon emissions per gallon.
- Natural Gas: 0.00531 Mt of carbon emissions per 100 ccf.
- Propane: 0.00576 Mt of carbon emissions per gallon.
- Gasoline: 8.78 Kilograms of carbon emissions per gallon.
- Diesel: 10.21 Kilograms of carbon emissions per gallon.
- Air Travel: 0.2 Kilograms of carbon emissions per passenger mile (simplified factor).
- Train Travel: 0.114 Kilograms of carbon emissions per passenger mile (long distance)
- Shipping:
Ground shipping emissions factor = 0.213 kilograms per ton-mile
Air shipping emissions factor = 1.1778 kilograms per ton-mile
Rail shipping emissions factor = 0.022 kilograms per ton-mile
Ocean shipping emissions factor = 0.0418 kilograms per ton-mile.6
Use #5. Understanding CO2 per Kwh Electricity by Country
The below table lists the CO2 per kWh electricity by country (carbon intensity of each kWh of electricity):
| Country | CO2 per kWh Electricity in 2000 | CO2 per kWh Electricity in 2021 |
| Afghanistan | 255 gCO2e | 2020 115 gCO2e |
| Africa | 535 gCO2e | 287 gCO2e |
| Albania | 50 gCO2e | 2020 24 gCO2e |
| Algeria | 468 gCO2e | 2020 450 gCO2e |
| American Samoa | 688 gCO2e | 2020 733 gCO2e |
| Angola | 264 gCO2e | 2020 169 gCO2e |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 714 gCO2e | 2020 688 gCO2e |
| Argentina | 300 gCO2e | 347 gCO2e |
| Armenia | 230 gCO2e | 207 gCO2e |
| Aruba | 699 gCO2e | 2020 580 gCO2e |
| Asia | 530 gCO2e | 477 gCO2e |
| Australia | 663 gCO2e | 486 gCO2e |
| Austria | 163 gCO2e | 81 gCO2e |
| Azerbaijan | 513 gCO2e | 482 gCO2e |
| Bahamas | 701 gCO2e | 2020 698 gCO2e |
| Bahrain | 491 gCO2e | 2020 490 gCO2e |
| Bangladesh | 540 gCO2e | 447 gCO2e |
| Barbados | 697 gCO2e | 2020 670 gCO2e |
| Belarus | 460 gCO2e | 444 gCO2e |
| Belgium | 274 gCO2e | 140 gCO2e |
| Belize | 294 gCO2e | 2020 475 gCO2e |
| Benin | 750 gCO2e | 2020 652 gCO2e |
| Bhutan | 22 gCO2e | 2020 23 gCO2e |
| Bolivia | 239 gCO2e | 311 gCO2e |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 421 gCO2e | 478 gCO2e |
| Botswana | 820 gCO2e | 2020 800 gCO2e |
| Brazil | 85 gCO2e | 142 gCO2e |
| British Virgin Islands | 750 gCO2e | 2020 692 gCO2e |
| Brunei | 699 gCO2e | 2020 659 gCO2e |
| Bulgaria | 489 gCO2e | 419 gCO2e |
| Burkina Faso | 469 gCO2e | 2020 631 gCO2e |
| Burundi | 0 gCO2e | 313 gCO2e |
| Cambodia | 617 gCO2e | 2020 424 gCO2e |
| Cameroon | 32 gCO2e | 2020 244 gCO2e |
| Canada | 209 gCO2e | 119 gCO2e |
| Cape Verde | 643 gCO2e | 2020 556 gCO2e |
| Cayman Islands | 700 gCO2e | 2020 681 gCO2e |
| Central African Republic | 100 gCO2e | 2020 0 gCO2e |
| Chad | 667 gCO2e | 2020 679 gCO2e |
| Chile | 329 gCO2e | 374 gCO2e |
| China | 672 gCO2e | 541 gCO2e |
| Colombia | 142 gCO2e | 2020 193 gCO2e |
| Comoros | 500 gCO2e | 2020 692 gCO2e |
| Congo | 34 gCO2e | 2020 364 gCO2e |
| Cook Islands | 500 gCO2e | 2020 500 gCO2e |
| Costa Rica | 32 gCO2e | 31 gCO2e |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 313 gCO2e | 2020 421 gCO2e |
| Croatia | 266 gCO2e | 131 gCO2e |
| Cuba | 696 gCO2e | 2020 576 gCO2e |
| Cyprus | 890 gCOve | 587 gCO2e |
| Czechia | 681 gCO2e | 412 gCOve |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 24 gCOve | 2020 26 gCO2e |
| Denmark | 472 gCO2e | 150 gCO2e |
| Djibouti | 722 gCO2e | 2020 800 gCO2e |
| Dominica | 429 gCO2e | 2020 500 gCO2e |
| Dominican Republic | 665 gCO2e | 2020 606 gCO2e |
| Ecuador | 203 gCO2e | 138 gCO2e |
| Egypt | 460 gCO2e | 389 gCO2e |
| El Salvador | 324 gCO2e | 246 gCO2e |
| Equatorial Guinea | 667 gCO2e | 2020 628 gCO2e |
| Eritrea | 700 gCO2e | 2020 659 gCO2e |
| Estonia | 1,057 gCO2e | 740 gCO2e |
| Eswatini | 197 gCO2e | 2020 203 gCO2e |
| Ethiopia | 47 gCO2e | 2020 25 gCO2e |
| Europe | 371 gCO2e | 270 gCO2e |
| European Union (27) | 378 gCO2e | 260 gCO2e |
| Faroe Islands | 429 gCO2e | 2020 429 gCO2e |
| Falkland Islands | 1,000 gCO2e | 2020 500 gCO2e |
| Fiji | 242 gCO2e | 2020 293 gCO2e |
| Finland | 156 gCO2e | 69 gCO2e |
| France | 63 gCO2e | 58 gCO2e |
| French Guiana | 698 gCO2e | 2020 351 gCO2e |
| French Polynesia | 487 gCO2e | 2020 470 gCO2e |
| G20 (Ember) | 478 gCO2e | 445 gCO2e |
| G7 (Ember) | 447 gCO2e | 338 gCO2e |
| Gabon | 281 gCO2e | 2020 295 gCO2e |
| Gambia | 727 gCO2e | 2020 690 gCO2e |
| Georgia | 118 gCO2e | 111 gCO2e |
| Germany | 559 gCO2e | 352 gCO2e |
| Ghana | 69 gCO2e | 2020 355 gCO2e |
| Greece | 966 gCO2e | 430 gCO2e |
| Greenland | 429 gCO2e | 2020 119 gCO2e |
| Grenada | 692 gCO2e | 2020 700 gCO2e |
| Guadeloupe | 606 gCO2e | 2020 589 gCO2e |
| Guam | 703 gCO2e | 2020 671 gCO2e |
| Guatemala | 367 gCO2e | 2020 332 gCO2e |
| Guinea | 333 gCO2e | 2020 175 gCO2e |
| Guinea-Bissau | 667 gCO2e | 2020 750 gCO2e |
| Guyana | 659 gCO2e | 2020 636 gCO2e |
| Haiti | 358 gCO2e | 2020 606 gCO2e |
| High-income countries | 430 gCO2e | 321 gCO2e |
| Honduras | 271 gCO2e | 2020 359 gCO2e |
| Hong Kong | 683 gCO2e | 2020 645 gCO2e |
| Hungary | 455 gCO2e | 196 gCO2e |
| Iceland | 26 gCO2e | 2020 29 gCO2e |
| India | 648 gCO2e | 626 gCO2e |
| Indonesia | 575 gCO2e | 2020 625 gCO2e |
| Iran | 513 gCO2e | 2020 440 gCO2e |
| Iraq | 660 gCO2e | 2020 420 gCO2e |
| Ireland | 667 gCO2e | 381 gCO2e |
| Israel | 636 gCO2e | 2020 528 gCO2e |
| Italy | 398 gCO2e | 223 gCO2e |
| Jamaica | 630 gCO2e | 2020 532 gCO2e |
| Japan | 357 gCO2e | 416 gCO2e |
| Jordan | 556 gCO2e | 2020 432 gCO2e |
| Kazakhstan | 662 gCO2e | 655 gCO2e |
| Kenya | 380 gCO2e | 112 gCO2e |
| Kiribati | 1,000 gCO2e | 2020 667 gCO2e |
| Kosovo | 804 gCO2e | 2020 778 gCO2e |
| Kuwait | 461 gCO2e | 2020 438 gCO2e |
| Kyrgyzstan | 133 gCO2e | 2020 92 gCO2e |
| Laos | 88 gCO2e | 2020 298 gCO2e |
| Latin America and the Caribbean (Ember) | 249 gCO2e | 260 gCO2e |
| Latvia | 0 gCO2e | 172 gCO2e |
| Lebanon | 578 gCO2e | 2020 545 gCO2e |
| Lesotho | 34 gCO2e | 2020 20 gCO2e |
| Liberia | 700 gCO2e | 2020 292 gCO2e |
| Libya | 503 gCO2e | 2020 497 gCO2e |
| Lithuania | 88 gCO2e | 209 gCO2e |
| Low-income countries | 343 gCO2e | 313 gCO2e |
| Lower-middle-income countries | 562 gCO2e | 413 gCO2e |
| Luxembourg | 0 gCO2e | 0 gCO2e |
| Macao | 489 gCO2e | 2020 482 gCO2e |
| Madagascar | 231 gCO2e | 2020 453 gCO2e |
| Malawi | 121 gCO2e | 2020 113 gCO2e |
| Malaysia | 473 gCO2e | 541 gCO2e |
| Maldives | 700 gCO2e | 2020 702 gCO2e |
| Mali | 282 gCO2e | 2020 466 gCO2e |
| Malta | 1,042 gCO2e | 407 gCO2e |
| Martinique | 705 gCO2e | 2020 654 gCO2e |
| Mauritania | 609 gCO2e | 2020 523 gCO2e |
| Mauritius | 635 gCO2e | 2020 613 gCO2e |
| Mexico | 472 gCO2e | 374 gCO2e |
| Middle East (Ember) | 564 gCO2e | 527 gCO2e |
| Moldova | 635 gCO2e | 630 gCO2e |
| Mongolia | 819 gCO2e | 726 gCO2e |
| Montenegro | 2005 300 gCO2e | 351 gCO2e |
| Montserrat | 1,000 gCO2e | 2020 1,000 gCO2e |
| Morocco | 693 gCO2e | 2020 571 gCO2e |
| Mozambique | 26 gCO2e | 2020 130 gCO2e |
| Myanmar | 317 gCO2e | 2020 311 gCO2e |
| Namibia | 43 gCO2e | 2020 57 gCO2e |
| Nauru | 667 gCO2e | 2020 750 gCO2e |
| Nepal | 47 gCO2e | 2020 23 gCO2e |
| Netherlands | 488 gCO2e | 329 gCO2e |
| New Caledonia | 503 gCO2e | 2020 640 gCO2e |
| New Zealand | 211 gCO2e | 136 gCO2e |
| Nicaragua | 568 gCO2e | 2020 343 gCO2e |
| Niger | 722 gCO2e | 2020 675 gCO2e |
| Nigeria | 315 gCO2e | 2020 395 gCO2e |
| North America | 466 gCO2e | 325 gCO2e |
| North Korea | 391 gCO2e | 2020 150 gCO2e |
| North Macedonia | 675 gCO2e | 349 gCO2e |
| Norway | 25 gCO2e | 25 gCO2e |
| OECD (Ember) | 442 gCO2e | 338 gCO2e |
| Oceania | 607 gCO2e | 436 gCO2e |
| Oman | 460 gCO2e | 2020 441 gCO2e |
| Pakistan | 409 gCO2e | 296 gCO2e |
| Palestine | 2001 333 gCO2e | 2020 629 gCO2e |
| Panama | 216 gCO2e | 2020 183 gCO2e |
| Papua New Guinea | 393 gCO2e | 2020 564 gCO2e |
| Paraguay | 24 gCO2e | 2020 24 gCO2e |
| Peru | 138 gCO2e | 234 gCO2e |
| Philippines | 414 gCO2e | 544 gCO2e |
| Poland | 923 gCO2e | 728 gCO2e |
| Portugal | 480 gCO2e | 181 gCO2e |
| Puerto Rico | 695 gCO2e | 2020 665 gCO2e |
| Qatar | 461 gCO2e | 2020 443 gCO2e |
| Reunion | 469 gCO2e | 2020 449 gCO2e |
| Romania | 462 gCO2e | 253 gCO2e |
| Russia | 381 gCO2e | 336 gCO2e |
| Rwanda | 0 gCO2e | 2020 289 gCO2e |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 667 gCO2e | 2020 667 gCO2e |
| Saint Lucia | 692 gCO2e | 2020 697 gCO2e |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 750 gCO2e | 2020 800 gCO2e |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 444 gCO2e | 2020 533 gCO2e |
| Samoa | 400 gCO2e | 2020 500 gCO2e |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 333 gCO2e | 2020 600 gCO2e |
| Saudi Arabia | 603 gCO2e | 569 gCO2e |
| Senegal | 681 gCO2e | 534 gCO2e |
| Serbia | 570 gCO2e | 546 gCO2e |
| Seychelles | 722 gCO2e | 2020 698 gCO2e |
| Sierra Leone | 625 gCO2e | 2020 48 gCO2e |
| Singapore | 546 gCO2e | 464 gCO2e |
| Slovakia | 160 gCO2e | 101 gCO2e |
| Slovenia | 514 gCO2e | 251 gCO2e |
| Solomon Islands | 667 gCO2e | 2020 700 gCO2e |
| Somalia | 696 gCO2e | 2020 649 gCO2e |
| South Africa | 709 gCO2e | 665 gCO2e |
| South America | 137 gCO2e | 166 gCO2e |
| South Korea | 426 gCO2e | 424 gCO2e |
| South Sudan | 2012 690 gCO2e | 2020 698 gCO2e |
| Spain | 468 gCO2e | 169 gCO2e |
| Sri Lanka | 341 gCO2e | 2020 439 gCO2e |
| Sudan | 339 gCO2e | 2020 259 gCO2e |
| Suriname | 357 gCO2e | 2020 299 gCO2e |
| Sweden | 14 gCO2e | 12 gCO2e |
| Switzerland | 44 gCO2e | 58 gCO2e |
| Syria | 511 gCO2e | 2020 545 gCO2e |
| Taiwan | 531 gCO2e | 567 gCO2e |
| Tajikistan | 33 gCO2e | 83 gCO2e |
| Tanzania | 82 gCO2e | 2020 380 gCO2e |
| Thailand | 508 gCO2e | 503 gCO2e |
| Timor | 2020 700 gCO2e | 2020 700 gCO2e |
| Togo | 294 gCO2e | 2020 577 gCO2e |
| Tonga | 667 gCO2e | 2020 667 gCO2e |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 473 gCO2e | 2020 498 gCO2e |
| Tunisia | 486 gCO2e | 470 gCO2e |
| Turkey | 486 gCO2e | 430 gCO2e |
| Turkmenistan | 552 gCO2e | 2020 412 gCO2e |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 714 gCO2e | 2020 720 gCO2e |
| Uganda | 44 gCO2e | 2020 77 gCO2e |
| Ukraine | 343 gCO2e | 241 gCO2e |
| United Arab Emirates | 460 gCO2e | 2020 428 gCO2e |
| United Kingdom | 480 gCO2e | 265 gCO2e |
| United States | 500 gCO2e | 357 gCO2e |
| United States Virgin Islands | 696 gCO2e | 2020 688 gCO2e |
| Upper-middle-income countries | 515 gCO2e | 482 gCO2e |
| Uruguay | 68 gCO2e | 152 gCO2e |
| Uzbekistan | 480 gCO2e | 2020 427 gCO2e |
| Vanuatu | 750 gCO2e | 2020 571 gCO2e |
| Venezuela | 138 gCO2e | 2020 231 gCO2e |
| Vietnam | 292 gCO2e | 426 gCO2e |
| Western Sahara | 750 gCO2e | 2009 667 gCO2e |
| World | 447 gCO2e | 425 gCO2e |
| Yemen | 701 gCO2e | 2020 538 gCO2e |
| Zambia | 30 gCO2e | 2020 121 gCO2e |
| Zimbabwe | 421 gCO2e | 2020 279 gCO2e 7 |
CO2 Emissions per kWh Calculator: CO2 Emissions by Energy Source
A CO2 emission per kWh calculator is useful for determining CO2 emissions by energy source, and CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel type.
The below chart indicate CO2 emissions by energy source.8
In the US, the annual CO2 emissions from gas is 1.64 billion tons. The below chart indicates countries with several million tons of CO2 emissions every year.
Use #6. Understanding CO2 Emissions per kWh by Fuel Type
The below table indicates CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel type. (Pounds of carbon emissions per million Btu of energy).
| Fuel Type | CO2 Emissions |
| Anthracite Coal | 228.6 CO2 emissions |
| Bituminous Coal | 205.7 CO2 emissions |
| Lignite Coal | 215.4 CO2 emissions |
| Subbituminous Coal | 214.3 CO2 emissions |
| Diesel Fuel / Heating Oil | 161.3 CO2 emissions |
| Gasoline (zero ethanol) | 157.2 CO2 emissions |
| Propane | 139.0 CO2 emissions |
| Natural gas | 117.0 CO2 emissions9 |
Read More About: Renewable Energy: Ditch Fossil Fuels for Clean Green Power
Recognizing Coal Power Plant CO2 Emissions per kWh
The below table indicates coal power plant CO2 emissions per kWh:10
| Lignite Coal | Subbituminous Coal | Bituminous Coal | Anthracite Coal | ||
| NCV, Kcal/kg | Less than 4500 | 4500 – 5500 | 5500-7400 | 6300-7900 | |
| USA | Average pounds of carbon dioxide (CO2) per million Btu | 216.3 CO2 per million Btu | 211.9 per million Btu | 205.3 per million Btu | 227.4 per million Btu |
| CO2 emission factor, kg CO2 / KWh | 0.335 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.328 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.318 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.352 kg CO2 / kWh | |
| CO2 emissions at power plant,
kg CO2 / kWh |
0.930 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.911 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.883 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.978 kg CO2 / kWh | |
| Europe | CO2 emission factor, t CO2 / 1 TJ | 104.3 t CO2 / 1 TJ | 96.6 t CO2 / 1 TJ | 94.6 t CO2 / 1 TJ | 97.7 t CO2 / 1 TJ |
| CO2 emission factor, kg CO2 / kWh | 0.375 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.348 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.341 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.352 kg CO2 / kWh | |
| CO2 emissions at power plant,
kg CO2 / kWh |
1.043 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.966 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.946 kg CO2 / kWh | 0.977 kg CO2 / kWh |
Natural Gas CO2 Emissions per M3
Natural gas CO2 emissions per M3 are as follows:
- 1 m3 of natural gas equals 1.9 kg of carbon emissions.
Natural gas power plant CO2 emissions per kWh are as follows:
- 0.185 kg of carbon emissions per kWh when burning natural gas.
Biomass CO2 Emissions per kWh
Biomass CO2 emissions per kWh are as follows:
- 230 grams of CO2 emitted per kWh
How To Calculate CO2 Emissions From Fuel Consumption
A common question related to CO2 emissions and fuel is, how to calculate CO2 emissions from fuel consumption.
The below equations relate to fuel consumption emissions for petrol and diesel consumption.
- Diesel – A single liter of diesel weighs 835 grams. Diesel consists of 86.2% carbon, or in other words 780g of carbon per liter diesel. To convert this carbon to CO2, at least 1920 grams of oxygen is required.
The equation is as follows: 720 + 1920 = 2640 grams of CO2 per liter of diesel.
- Petrol – A single liter of petrol weighs 750 grams. Petrol consists of 87% carbon, or in other words 652 grams of carbon per liter. To convert this carbon to CO2, at least 1740 grams of oxygen is required.
The equation is as follows: 652 + 1740 = 2392 grams of CO2 per liter of petrol.11
CO2 Emissions by Fuel Type Calculator
A CO2 emission by fuel type calculator calculates the CO2 emissions from a particular fuel.
To do this, the carbon content of said fuel should be multiplied by the ratio of the molecular weight of CO2 (44) to the molecular weight of carbon (12).
- 44/12=3.7
Therefore CO2 emissions from fuel consumption can be calculated using:
- qCO2 = cf / hf MCO2 /Mm
This is calculated according to:
- qCO2 (specific carbon emissions)
- Cf (specific fuel carbon content)
- Hf (specific fuel energy content)
- MC (molecular weight)
- MCO2 (molecular weight carbon dioxide)12
Use #7. Measuring Emissions for a Carbon Offset Calculator
Before a carbon offset calculator is used to determine offsets, a CO2 equivalent calculator can be used to determine what 1 tonne of CO2 is equivalent to, or what 1 kg of CO2 equals.
These figures are important in carbon offset calculations, and make up part of the carbon footprint questionnaire and carbon footprint assessment, which in turn makes up the carbon calculator.
Once the carbon emissions are determined, people can take into consideration a road trip carbon offset to reduce their carbon emissions whenever traveling.
Carbon Emissions Calculator
A carbon emissions calculator also comes in the form of a business carbon footprint calculator, of which many versions are used by companies worldwide.
A business carbon footprint calculator can determine office-related CO2 emissions, fuel consumption emissions, server emissions, fleet and shipping emissions, as well as employee travel and commute emissions.
Carbon Offset Tree Planting Calculator
Furthermore, a carbon offset tree planting calculator can also be used to determine the number of trees that should be planted to offset a certain amount of CO2 emissions.
Whether a business carbon footprint calculator is used, a carbon offset tree planting calculator is preferred, or a CO2 emissions per kWh calculator is used for determining a carbon footprint – all of these calculators are essential in the fight against the reduction of personal and business carbon footprints.
Frequently Asked Questions About CO2 Emissions per kWh Calculator
What Is CO2 Emissions per kWh Calculator?
A CO2 emissions per kwh calculator calculates CO2 emission intensity, and CO2 emissions produced during energy consumption.
What Are the Components Needed To Know How To Calculate CO2 Emissions per kWh?
If, for instance, a company purchases 15, 000 kWh of electricity from a local supplier and 20,000 kWh of natural gas for heating purposes, the calculations will look like this:
- Electricity – 15,000 kWh times 0.21233 kgCO2e divided by 1,000 is equal to 3.2 tCO2e
- Natural Gas – 20,000 kWh times 0.18316 kgCO2e divided by 1,000 is equal to 3.7 tCO2e
What Is the CO2 Emission Calculation Formula?
There is a different CO2 emissions formula for each type of emission as well as for each scope of emissions. These are as follows:
Scope 1 (direct emissions):
Density x Heating Value x CO2 Emission Factor equals total amount of CO2 emissions.
Scope 2 (indirect emissions)
Emission Factor x Total Amount Of Occupancy equals total amount of CO2 emissions.
What Are the Steps To Learn How To Measure Carbon Footprint of a Company?
For those wondering how to measure carbon footprint of a company, measuring the carbon footprint of a company relies on four essential steps:
- Identifying the relevant business activities
- Collecting data related to these activities
- Finding related emission factors
- Using a relevant online carbon calculator and interpreting the results
How Much Natural Gas Produces CO2 Emissions per kWh?
Burning natural gas produces 0.185 kg of CO2 emissions per kwh.
How Much CO2 Emissions From Natural Gas Combustion?
The amount of CO2 emissions from natural gas combustion is nearly half the amount of CO2 emissions from coal consumption.
Read More About CO2 Emissions per kWh Calculator
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References
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